What does on-demand protection mean? Report on the topic "protection against unauthorized access to information"

Stanislaw Lem (Polish: Stanisław Lem; September 12, 1921, Lviv, Poland - March 27, 2006, Krakow, Poland) - Polish writer, satirist, philosopher, science fiction writer and futurist. His books have been translated into 40 languages and more than 30 million copies have been sold.

Stanislav Lem was born on September 12, 1921 in the city of Lviv in Poland (now Lviv is part of Ukraine) in the Jewish family of otolaryngologist Samuel Lem and Sabine Voller.

He was studying medicine at Lviv University when World War II began. Despite their Jewish origin, during the war years the family managed to avoid deportation to the ghetto thanks to forged documents (all other Lem relatives died).

During the Nazi occupation, Lem worked as an auto mechanic and welder while participating in a Nazi resistance group. In 1946, Lem repatriated from what became part of the USSR to Krakow and began studying medicine at the Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Jagielloński).

After completing his studies, Stanislav Lem refused to take the final exams, not wanting to become a military doctor, and received only a certificate of completion of the course. He worked as an assistant to prof.

Mieczysław Chojnowski in the “Scientific Circle” (it was a collector of foreign scientific literature) and began writing stories in his free time in order to earn additional livelihood in the difficult post-war period. His works were first published in 1946.

Later, this hobby grew into Lem's main occupation: in 1948, he published an article in which he criticized Lysenko, and was expelled from the scientific community.

Lem's first literary success came after the publication of the novel “Astronauts” in 1951. The novel was published abroad several times.

In 1953, he married Barbara Lesniak, who worked as a radiologist. On March 14, 1968, their son Tomas was born.

In 1973, Lem was awarded an honorary membership in the American science fiction writers organization SFWA (founder of the Nebula Awards), from which he was expelled in 1976 for criticizing American science fiction literature, which he called kitsch, accused of poor thought and poor style. writing and an excessive interest in profit at the expense of new ideas and literary forms.

SFWA later offered him regular membership, which Lem rejected.

In 1981, Lem received an honorary degree from the Wroclaw University of Technology (Polish: Politechnika Wrocławska), and later from the University of Opole, the University of Lviv and the Jagiellonian University.

In 1997, Stanislaw Lem became an honorary resident of Krakow.

He died on March 27, 2006 in Krakow at the age of 84 after a long heart disease.

More information about the life history and creative path of Stanislav Lem can be read in his autobiographical work “My Life” (German: Mein Leben, 1983) and the novel about his Lviv childhood “High Castle”, as well as a series of interviews published under the title “Thus Spoke... Lem."

Creation

Stanislaw Lem wrote about the difficulties, which often seem insurmountable, of human communication with extraterrestrial civilizations far from humans, and about the technological future of earthly civilization. His later works are also devoted to idealistic and utopian society and the problems of human existence in a world in which there is nothing to do due to technological development.

His extraterrestrial communities include swarms of mechanical insects (Invincible), a sentient ocean (Solaris), and others. The problems of technological utopia are examined in “Return from the Stars,” “Peace on Earth,” “Inspection on the Spot,” and a little in “Cyberiad.”

Lem's works are replete with intellectual humor, wordplay, and all kinds of allusions.

According to Lem himself, his work was greatly influenced by the works of the following authors:
* Saul Bellow (1915-2005), American writer, winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature.
* Herbert George Wells (1866-1946), English writer and publicist, founder of science fiction literature of the 20th century.
* Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), American philosopher and mathematician, founder of cybernetics.
* Claude Elwood Shannon (1916-2001), one of the creators of mathematical information theory.
* Jules Gabriel Verne (1828-1905), popular French writer.
* William Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), English philosopher and science fiction writer.

The minor planet 3836 Lem (English), discovered on September 22, 1979 by N. S. Chernykh at CrAO, is named in honor of Lem.

Major works

* “Man from Mars” (Człowiek z Marsa; 1946, published in Russian in 1997)
* “Hospital of the Transfiguration” (Szpital przemienienia; 1948, published in Russian in 1995). Opened the trilogy “Unlost Time” (Czas nieutracony; 1955)
* “Astronauts” (Astronauci; 1951, published in Russian in 1957)
* “Star Diaries of Ijon the Quiet” (Dzienniki gwiazdowe; 1953-1999)
* “Magellan Cloud” (Obłok Magellana; 1955, published in Russian in 1960)
* “Dialogues” (Dialogi; 1957)
* “Invasion from Aldebarana” (Inwazja z Aldebarana; 1959, published in Russian in 1960)
* “Investigation” (Śledztwo; 1959)
* “Eden” (Eden; 1959, published in Russian in 1966)
* “Return from the Stars” (Powrót z gwiazd; 1961, published in Russian in 1965)
* * “Manuscript found in the bathtub”, also “Diary found in the bathtub” (Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie; 1961)
* “Solaris” (Solaris; 1961, published in Russian in 1963)
* “Going into orbit” (Wejście na orbitę; 1962)
* “Invincible” (Niezwyciężony; 1964, published in Russian in 1964)
* “Robot Tales” (Bajki robotów; 1964)
* “Summa Technologiae” (1964, published in Russian in 1968)
* "Cyberiada" (1965)
* "Hunt" (Polowanie; 1965)
* “High Castle” (Wysoki zamek; 1966, published in Russian in 1969)
* “Voice of the Lord”, previously known as “Voice of Heaven” (Głos Pana; 1968)
* “Stories about the Pilot Pirxie” (Opowieści o pilocie Pirxie; 1968)
* “Philosophy of Chance” (Filozofia przypadku; 1968)
* “Absolute Emptiness” (Doskonała Próżnia; 1971)
* "Futurological Congress" (Kongres futurologiczny 1971)
* “Imaginary quantity” (Wielkość urojona 1973)
* "Runny Nose" (Katar; 1975)
* "Golem XIV" (Golem XIV; 1981)
* “On-site inspection” (Wizja lokalna)
* "Fiasko" (Fiasko; 1986)
* "Peace on Earth" (Pokój na Ziemi; 1987)
* “Megabit Bomb” (Bomba megabitowa; 1999)

Film adaptations of works

* “Excursion into space” (Wycieczka w kosmos). Poland, 1961
* “Do you exist, Mr. Jones?” Short television film, Chelyabinsk television studio, 1961, director Leonid Piver
* “Uninhabited Planet” (Bezludna planeta). Poland, 1962
* "Friend" (Przyjaciel). Poland, 1963
* "Ikarie-1" (Ikarie XB-1). Czechoslovakia, 1963
* "The Black Room of Professor Tarantoga." (Czarna komnata profesora Tarantogi). Poland, 1964
* "Loyal robot." USSR, 1965
* "Professor Zazul." (Professor Zazul). Poland, 1965
* "Thirty Minute Theatre". (Thirty-Minute Theatre). UK, 1965
* "Loyal robot." Czechoslovakia, 1967
* "Trial". USSR, 1968
* “The Silent Star” (Der Schweigende Stern). 1959, directed by Kurt Metzig - based on the novel “The Astronauts”
* “Layer cake” (Przekładaniec). TV film, Poland, 1968, director Andrzej Wajda)
* "Solaris". Teleplay, USSR, 1968, director B. Nirenburg)
* "Solaris". USSR, 1972, director Andrei Tarkovsky
* “Investigation” (Śledztwo). Poland, 1973, directed by Marek Piestrak.
* “Inquiry of the pilot Pirxa” (Test pilota Pirxa). Poland, 1978, director Marek Piestrak
* “Transfiguration Hospital” (Szpital przemienienia). 1979, directed by Edward Zebrowski
* “From the stellar adventures of Ion the Quiet.” Cartoon, Baku, 1985.
* "Return from the Stars." TV show, USSR, 1990 TV “Leningrad”, 6 episodes.
* “Investigation” (Śledztwo). Teleplay, Poland, 1997, directed by Waldemar Krzystek - based on the novel “Investigation”
* Solaris. USA, 2002, directed by Steven Soderbergh
* “Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot”. TV series, Germany, 2007.

- (Lem) Lem (Lem) Stanislav (b. 1921) Polish science fiction writer, genre of scientific and philosophical fiction. Aphorisms, quotes by Lem Stanislav (Lem). Biography. Our age does not know other rulers except those who care about the welfare of people. Good and evil are asymmetrical... ...

- (Lem) (b. 1921), Polish writer. In numerous works in the genre of scientific and philosophical fiction, including the novels “Astronauts” (1951), “Diary Found in a Bathtub”, “Solaris” (both 1961), “Voice of Heaven” (1968), “Runny Nose” (1976) ), "World… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Stanisław Lem Stanisław Lem Date of birth: September 12, 1921 (19210912) Place of birth ... Wikipedia

Lem (Lem) Stanislav (b. 12.9.1921, Lvov), Polish writer. Born into a doctor's family. In 1939 41 he studied at the Lvov Medical Institute; Graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (1948). Began publishing in 1946. Author... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Lem, Stanislav- LEM Stanislaw (born 1921), Polish writer. In numerous works in the genre of scientific and philosophical fiction (novels “Astronauts”, 1951, “Diary Found in a Bathtub”, “Solaris”, both 1961, “Voice of Heaven”, 1968, “Runny Nose”, 1976, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

LEM Stanislav- LEM (Lem) Stanislav (b. 1921), Polish writer. Numerous prod. in the genre of scientific philosophy. fiction: rom. "The Astronauts" (1951, p. 1957), rom. utopia "Magellan's Cloud" (1955, p. 1960), rom. dystopia “Eden” (1959, p. 1966), “Return from ... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Lem Stanislav (Lem). Biography. Lem (Lem) Stanislav (b. 1921) Lem Stanislav (Lem). Biography Polish science fiction writer, genre scientific and philosophical fiction. Stanislav Lem was born on September 12, 1921 in Lvov, in the family of a laryngologist. At four years old... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

- (Lem) Stanislav (b. 1921) Polish science fiction writer, futurologist, philosopher, cultural scientist. After graduating from high school in 1939, L. entered medical school. ft Lvov, unta. During the years of occupation, L. was forced to interrupt his studies and worked as a car mechanic, and after the war he continued... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Lem: Lem, Stanislaw is a Polish writer, satirist, philosopher, science fiction writer and futurist. Lem, Tomasz Polish translator, son of Stanislaw Lem. Lem, Hans Norwegian gymnast, silver medalist at the 1908 Summer Olympics Lem, Ivan... ... Wikipedia

Stanislav Lem- Polish writer Stanislaw Lem was born on September 12, 1921 in Lvov in Poland (now the territory of Ukraine). His father, Samuel Lem, was a laryngologist. Mother, Sabine Voller, was a housewife. Since 1932, Stanislaw Lem attended the men's... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Books

Stanislav Lem. Collected Works (set of 8 books), Stanislaw Lem. Stanislaw Lem (1921-2006) - Polish writer, satirist, philosopher, science fiction writer and futurist. His books have been translated into 40 languages and more than 30 million copies have been sold. The author of the fundamental work “The Sum…
Stanislav Lem. From the memoirs of Ijon the Quiet, Stanislav Lem. 1990 edition. The condition is very good. This collection includes most of the works from the series “From the Memoirs of Iyon the Quiet,” including the novel “Inspection of…

Famous modern Polish writer, philosopher, futurist, satirist and poet. During his lifetime he was called a world classic. His works have been translated into more than 40 languages, and the number of copies published approaches 30 million.

Stanislav Lem wrote psychological essays in the genre, and conducted research on topics of futurology, literary criticism, cybernetics and astronautics.

Works of Stanislaw Lem

Stanislaw Lem spoke about the insurmountable difficulties that humanity faces in the distant extraterrestrial future, about the technological future of civilization. In his later works, more attention is paid to a utopian and idealistic society, problems of human existence, and existentialism.

The main theme of Stanislaw Lem's novels is the consequences of the development of science and technology in human society, where consumer attitudes to life, military psychosis and militarism are exposed. His imaginary worlds are populated by a swarm of mechanical insects, a sentient ocean, and more.

The best books by Stanislaw Lem online:

"Invincible";

The writer was born in 1921 in Lvov. Before the start of World War II, Stanislav Lem received his higher education at the Lviv Medical University, and after the end of the war he entered the Polish Jagiellonian University.

After completing his studies, he worked as a doctor. This factor played a significant role in his work, since all of his literary works were analyzed from a medical point of view.

Success came to the writer in Poland. In 1980 he began his journey around the world, which took more than 10 years.

His first novels and short stories were published in 1940; ten years later, the writer left his job as a doctor and completely plunged into the writing profession. At the end of the 50s, Stanoslav Lem managed to create one of his favorite heroes - the smart, calm, honest space pilot Pirx. In it the writer showed all the facets of his talent.

For some time, the science fiction writer became interested in writing humorous fiction, where he ridiculed the absurdity of social norms and rules.

In 1973, Stanislaw Lem received recognition from the American Science Fiction Society, however, due to critical attitudes and statements towards American science fiction, he was excluded from the list of its members.

The author was awarded numerous literary awards of foreign and national importance, he was awarded several scientific degrees, and since 2000 he was accepted as a member of the Poland 2000 Committee. In the last years of his life, Lem devoted himself entirely to the study of sociology and philosophy. He died in Krakow in 2006.

Topic 3.3: Applications for creating websites

Topic 3.4: Application of the Internet in the economy and information protection

Programs for creating websites

3.4. Application of the Internet in economics and information protection

3.4.1. Organization of computer security and information protection

Integrity means the impossibility of unauthorized or accidental destruction, as well as modification of information. Confidentiality of information means the impossibility of leakage and unauthorized acquisition of stored, transmitted or received information.

The following sources of threats to the security of information systems are known:

anthropogenic sources caused by accidental or intentional actions of actors;
man-made sources leading to failures and malfunctions of hardware and software due to outdated software and hardware or software errors;
natural sources caused by natural disasters or force majeure.

In turn, anthropogenic sources of threats are divided into:

on internal (impact from company employees) and external (unauthorized interference by outsiders from external general-purpose networks) sources;
on unintentional (accidental) and intentional actions of subjects.

There are many possible directions of information leakage and ways of unauthorized access to it in systems and networks:

interception of information;
modification of information (the original message or document is changed or replaced by another and sent to the addressee);
substitution of information authorship (someone may send a letter or document on your behalf);
exploitation of deficiencies in operating systems and application software;
copying storage media and files bypassing security measures;
illegal connection to equipment and communication lines;
masquerading as a registered user and appropriating his powers;
introduction of new users;
introduction of computer viruses and so on.

To ensure the security of information systems, information security systems are used, which represent a set of organizational and technological measures, software and hardware, and legal norms aimed at countering sources of threats to information security.

With an integrated approach, threat countermeasures are integrated to create a systems security architecture. It should be noted that any information security system is not completely safe. You always have to choose between the level of protection and the efficiency of information systems.

The means of protecting IP information from the actions of subjects include:

means of protecting information from unauthorized access;
protection of information in computer networks;
cryptographic information protection;
electronic digital signature;
protecting information from computer viruses.

Means of protecting information from unauthorized access

Gaining access to information system resources involves performing three procedures: identification, authentication and authorization.

Identification - assigning unique names and codes (identifiers) to the user (object or subject of resources).

Authentication - establishing the identity of the user who provided the identifier or verifying that the person or device providing the identifier is actually who it claims to be. The most common method of authentication is to assign the user a password and store it on the computer.

Authorization is a check of authority or verification of a user's right to access specific resources and perform certain operations on them. Authorization is carried out to differentiate access rights to network and computer resources.

Protection of information in computer networks

Local enterprise networks are very often connected to the Internet. To protect local networks of companies, as a rule, firewalls are used. A firewall is a means of access control that allows you to divide a network into two parts (the border runs between the local network and the Internet) and create a set of rules that determine the conditions for the passage of packets from one part to the other. Screens can be implemented either in hardware or software.

Cryptographic information protection

To ensure the secrecy of information, encryption or cryptography is used. Encryption uses an algorithm or device that implements a specific algorithm. Encryption is controlled using a changing key code.

Encrypted information can only be retrieved using a key. Cryptography is a very effective method that increases the security of data transmission on computer networks and when exchanging information between remote computers.

Electronic digital signature

To exclude the possibility of modification of the original message or substitution of this message for others, it is necessary to transmit the message along with an electronic signature. An electronic digital signature is a sequence of characters obtained as a result of cryptographic transformation of the original message using a private key and allowing one to determine the integrity of the message and its authorship using a public key.

In other words, a message encrypted using a private key is called an electronic digital signature. The sender transmits the unencrypted message in its original form along with a digital signature. The recipient uses the public key to decrypt the message's character set from the digital signature and compares it with the unencrypted message's character set.

If the characters completely match, we can say that the received message has not been modified and belongs to its author.

Protecting information from computer viruses

A computer virus is a small malicious program that can independently create copies of itself and embed them in programs (executable files), documents, boot sectors of storage media and spread through communication channels.

Depending on the environment, the main types of computer viruses are:

Software viruses (affect files with the extension .COM and .EXE)
Boot viruses.
Macroviruses.
Network viruses.

Removable media and telecommunication systems can be sources of virus infection. The most effective and popular anti-virus programs include: Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0, AVAST, Norton AntiVirus and many others. More detailed information about viruses and methods of protection against them is provided on the page