Introduction

1. The concept of information systems and their classification

2. Structure of electronic information systems

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Information system(IS) is a system for collecting, storing, accumulating, retrieving and transmitting information used in the management or decision-making process. IP includes:

Inform. – reference fund,

Information processing language,

Information carriers,

Complex of models.

Automated IS is a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, hardware, software, organizational, technological tools and specialists.

Automated IS is designed for the efficient operation of economic IS.

In organizations there is large number various types IS: from traditional to complex, working on the basis of local and global computer networks.

1. The concept of information systems and their classification

Definition 1. An information system is a set of interconnected elements representing information, human and material resources, processes that ensure the collection, processing, transformation, storage and transmission of information in an organization.

Definition 2. Information technology is a set of methods, procedures and tools that implement the processes of collecting, processing, converting, storing and transmitting information.

Information in modern world has become one of the most important resources, and information systems (IS) have become necessary tool in almost all areas of activity.

The variety of problems solved with the help of information systems has led to the emergence of many different types of systems, differing in the principles of construction and the rules for processing information embedded in them.

Information systems can be classified into a variety of various signs. The classification under consideration is based on the most essential features that determine functionality and features of building modern systems. Depending on the volume of tasks to be solved, used technical means, organization of functioning, information systems are divided into a number of groups (classes) (Fig. 1.).

Based on the type of stored data, information systems are divided into factual and documentary. Factual systems are designed for storing and processing structured data in the form of numbers and texts. On such data you can perform various operations. IN documentary systems information is presented in the form of documents consisting of titles, descriptions, abstracts and texts. Searching unstructured data is carried out using semantic features. Selected documents are provided to the user, and data processing in such systems is practically not carried out.

Based on the degree of automation information processes In the company management system, information systems are divided into manual, automatic and automated.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of information systems

Manual information systems are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and all operations are performed by humans.

In automatic information systems, all information processing operations are performed without human intervention.

Automated information systems involve the participation of both humans and technical means in the information processing process, and the main role in performing routine data processing operations is given to the computer. It is this class of systems that corresponds to the modern concept of the concept of “information system”.

Depending on the nature of data processing, ISs are divided into information-retrieval and information-solving.

Information retrieval systems enter, systematize, store, and provide information at the user’s request without complex data transformations. (For example, IS for library services, reservation and sale of transport tickets, hotel reservations, etc.)

Information decision systems also carry out information processing operations according to a specific algorithm. Based on the nature of the use of output information, such systems are usually divided into control and advisory systems.

The resulting information from the control systems is directly transformed into decisions made by humans. These systems are characterized by computational tasks and processing of large volumes of data. (For example, IS for production planning or orders, accounting.)

Advisory information systems produce information that is taken into account by a person and taken into account when forming management decisions, rather than initiating specific actions. These systems simulate intelligent processes of processing knowledge, not data. (For example, expert systems.)

Depending on the scope of application, the following classes of IP are distinguished.

Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of management personnel of both industrial enterprises and non-industrial facilities (hotels, banks, shops, etc.).

Main functions similar systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales management, supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control systems (TP) - serve to automate the functions of production personnel to monitor and manage production operations. Such systems usually provide for the presence of developed means for measuring parameters technological processes(temperature, pressure, chemical composition etc.), procedures for monitoring the admissibility of parameter values ​​and regulating technological processes.

IP computer-aided design(CAD) - designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new technology or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS - used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from activity planning to product sales. They include a number of modules (subsystems) operating in a single information space and performing functions to support relevant areas of activity.

Analysis current state The IS market shows a steady upward trend in demand for organizational management information systems. Moreover, the demand continues to grow specifically for integrated control systems. Automation of a separate function, for example, accounting or sales of finished products, is considered a completed stage for many enterprises.

IS customers began to put forward more and more requirements aimed at ensuring the possibility of integrated use of corporate data in managing and planning their activities.

Thus, there arose urgent need formation of a new methodology for building information systems.

The purpose of such a methodology is to regulate the IS design process and provide control over this process in order to ensure that the requirements for both the IS itself and the characteristics of the development process are met. The main tasks that the corporate IS design methodology should help solve are the following:

Ensure the creation of corporate information systems that meet the goals and objectives of the organization, as well as the requirements for automation of the customer’s business processes;

Guarantee the creation of a system with a given quality within a given time frame and within the established project budget;

Maintain a convenient discipline for maintaining, modifying and expanding the system;

Ensure continuity of development, i.e. use of the organization’s existing information infrastructure (background in the field of information technology) in the developed IS.

The introduction of the methodology should lead to a reduction in the complexity of the IP creation process through a complete and accurate description of this process, as well as the application modern methods and technologies for creating IP throughout the entire IP life cycle - from concept to implementation.

IC design covers three main areas:

Design of data objects that will be implemented in the database;

Program design, screen forms, reports that will ensure the execution of data queries;

Taking into account the specific environment or technology, namely: network topology, hardware configuration, architecture used (file-server or client-server), parallel processing, distributed data processing, etc.

Information systems design always begins with defining the purpose of the project. IN general view The goal of the project can be defined as solving a number of interrelated tasks, including ensuring at the time of system launch and throughout the entire period of its operation:

The required functionality of the system and the level of its adaptability to changing operating conditions;

Required bandwidth systems;

Required system response time to a request;

Failure-free operation of the system;

Required level of security;

Ease of operation and system support.

According to modern methodology, the process of creating an IS is a process of constructing and sequentially transforming a number of consistent models at all stages life cycle(LC) IS. At each stage of the life cycle, models specific to it are created - organization, IS requirements, IS project, application requirements, etc. Models are formed by working groups of the project team, saved and accumulated in the project repository. The creation of models, their control, transformation and provision for collective use is carried out using special software tools- CASE tools.

There are about 100 state information systems in the Russian Federation, they are divided into federal and regional. An organization operating any of these systems is required to comply with security requirements for the data processed within it. Depending on the classification, different information systems are subject to different requirements, for non-compliance with which sanctions are applied - from a fine to more serious measures.

The operation of all information systems in the Russian Federation is determined by the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ (as amended on July 21, 2014) “On Information, information technology and on the protection of information" (July 27, 2006). Article 14 of this law provides detailed description GIS. To operators of state information systems where information is processed limited access(not containing information constituting a state secret), the requirements set out in the Order of the FSTEC of Russia dated February 11, 2013 No. 17 “On approval of requirements for the protection of information that does not constitute a state secret contained in state information systems” are presented.

Let us recall that the operator is a citizen or legal entity carrying out activities related to the operation of the information system, including the processing of information contained in its databases.

If an organization is connected to a state information system, then FSTEC Order No. 17 obliges to certify the system, and to protect information only certified products information protection (having valid certificates FSTEC or FSB).

There are often cases when the operator of an information system mistakenly classifies it as a GIS, when it is not one. As a result, excessive security measures are applied to the system. For example, if by mistake the operator of a personal data information system classified it as state-owned, he will have to comply with more stringent requirements for the security of the information being processed than required by law. Meanwhile, the requirements for the protection of personal data information systems, which are regulated by FSTEC Order No. 21, are less stringent and do not require certification of the system.

In practice, it is not always clear whether the system to which you need to connect is state-owned, and, therefore, what measures to build information security need to be taken. Nevertheless, the plan of inspections by regulatory authorities is growing, and fines are systematically increasing.

How to distinguish GIS from non-GIS

A state information system is created when it is necessary to ensure:

• implementation of powers of government agencies;
• information exchange between government agencies;
• achievement of other established federal laws goals.

You can understand that an information system belongs to the state using the following algorithm:

1. Find out if there is a legislative act requiring the creation of an information system.
2. Check the availability of the system in the Register of Federal State Information Systems. Similar registers exist at the level of the constituent entities of the Federation.
3. Pay attention to the purpose of the system. An indirect sign of classifying a system as a GIS will be a description of the powers that it implements. For example, each administration of the Republic of Bashkortostan has its own charter, which also describes the powers of local government bodies. The IS “Registration of citizens in need of residential premises on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan” was created to implement such powers of administrations as “adopting and organizing the implementation of plans and programs for the comprehensive socio-economic development of the municipal region”, and is a GIS.

If the system involves the exchange of information between government agencies, it is also highly likely to be state-owned (for example, an interdepartmental electronic document management system).

This is GIS. What to do?

FSTEC Order 17 prescribes the following measures to protect information for GIS operators:

• developing requirements for the protection of information contained in the information system;
• development of an information security system for an information system;
• implementation of the information security system of the information system;
• certification of the information system according to information security requirements (hereinafter referred to as ISPD certification) and its commissioning;
• ensuring the protection of information during the operation of a certified information system;
• ensuring the protection of information during decommissioning of a certified information system or after a decision is made to terminate information processing.

Organizations that are connected to government information systems must perform the following actions:

1. Classify IP and identify security threats.

IP classification is carried out in accordance with clause 14.2 17 of the FSTEC order.

Threats to information security are determined based on the results

• assessing the capabilities of violators;
• analysis of possible information system vulnerabilities;
• analysis (or modeling) possible ways implementation of threats to information security;
• assessing the consequences of violating information security properties (confidentiality, integrity, availability).

2. Generate requirements for the information processing system.

System requirements must contain:

• the purpose and objectives of ensuring information security in the information system;
• information system security class;
• a list of regulatory legal acts, methodological documents and national standards that the information system must comply with;
• list of information system protection objects;
• requirements for measures and means of information protection used in the information system.

3. Develop an information security system for the information system.

To do this you need to do:

• designing an information security system for an information system;
• development of operational documentation for the information security system of the information system;
• prototyping and testing of the information security system of the information system.

4. Implement the information security system of the information system, namely:

• installation and configuration of information security tools in the information system;
• development of documents defining the rules and procedures implemented by the operator to ensure the protection of information in the information system during its operation (hereinafter referred to as organizational and administrative documents on information protection);
• implementation organizational measures information protection;
• preliminary tests of the information security system of the information system;
• trial operation of the information security system;
• checking the constructed information security system for vulnerability;
• acceptance tests of the information security system of the information system.

5. Certify ISPDn:

• conduct certification tests;
• receive a certificate of conformity.

There is a widespread belief that in order to pass an inspection by regulatory authorities, it is enough to have organizational and administrative documents, so GIS operators often neglect to implement security measures. Indeed, Roskomnadzor pays close attention to documents and the implementation of organizational and administrative measures to protect personal data in the organization. However, if questions arise, specialists from FSTEC and the FSB may be involved in the inspection. At the same time, FSTEC looks very carefully at the composition technical protection information and checks the correctness of the threat model, and the FSB checks the implementation of the requirements regarding the use of funds cryptographic protection information.

Oleg Necheukhin, information systems protection expert, Kontur-Security

It is worth considering this issue from different points of view, which will create an overall picture. Experts say that it is an interconnected set of tools, personnel and methods used to store, process and provide information necessary to solve specific tasks.

Highlights

Considering, it must be said that it may have different scale and purpose. There are other features as well. Systems may vary in coverage different areas activities of the company, can be intended not only for maintaining warehouse or accounting records, but also for finance, production accounting and document control of the enterprise.

Regardless of their purpose, they all have a whole set of properties that have become common to them. As the main ones for processing information in any modern system Use of computers required. They are tools and technical base in conjunction with specialized programs installed on them. If we talk about what an information system is, then it should be noted that its basis can be called tools developed for storing and accessing data. They are intended for use end user, who should not be an expert in the field computer equipment. This includes client applications, designed to provide an intuitive interface.

Types of ICs

Such systems are divided into documentary and factual. The first ones are focused on solving problems related to production management, accounting and others like them. The latter are focused on finding unambiguous answers to queries, as well as solving a given problem in only one way. These can be heterogeneous reference and information systems, search systems, as well as busy operational processing data. Documentary information systems are designed to solve problems that do not provide unambiguous answers to questions. Here we can cite as an example which is becoming increasingly popular at enterprises in lately. Mixed type of IP is allowed.

Scale

Speaking about what an information system is, it is worth mentioning such important question like its scale. It is customary to distinguish between individual or desktop IS, network IS, which includes several users, as well as the largest – enterprise-scale. Modern company It’s quite difficult to imagine without using such a system. It doesn’t matter in what area the enterprise’s activities are concentrated, its size is not so important, its IP in any case serves as the core that ensures effective management of production, trade or timely, high-quality provision of services. With its help, the solution of management problems is simplified, it is possible to free some employees from solving various routine matters, the likelihood of errors is reduced, the number of paper documents is reduced, and there are also opportunities for significant cost reduction. For this reason, any modern enterprise is distinguished by the fact that everything related to the information system and ensuring its smooth functioning has become the subject of special control by management personnel.

City cadastral information system

IS city cadastre is one of the ways to ensure information transformation of cadastral data about objects different types property in locality. It is a complex of technical means and software, material and labor resources, which are aimed at creating information about real estate objects and its full presentation in the form of tangible documents.

The city information system plays a very important role in providing data, as it serves as effective remedy formation information space, which is used to manage social, business, economic and other activities in it. In the current socio-economic conditions, the creation of such a space becomes possible only on the basis of absolute automation of processes such as the collection, processing, storage and updating of cadastral data on real estate. In addition, the provision of information systems provides access to all specified data, operational exchange between government and commercial structures of various kinds, services and organizations of the city.

The need for such a structure

On at the moment Certain state, commercial and municipal organizations (land markets, mortgage banks, real estate privatization committees, tax inspectorates, insurance companies and others) are almost unable to fulfill their direct responsibilities without organizing the timely exchange of cadastral information that is reliable during this period of time. That is why the development of an information system of this kind makes it possible to solve not only the problems of protecting property rights and taxation, but also other issues.

Non-cadastral tasks

Prompt, complete and high quality information support bodies managing the city, commercial, economic and other structures and individual citizens complete and reliable information about the physical condition of real estate objects different forms property and other elements of the urban environment;

Analysis of the use of infrastructure, natural, labor, material, technical means and resources of the city, their distribution by type of ownership, etc.;

Work on the preparation of urban planning and architectural projects, design utility networks and other things.

Difficulties at work

The design of information systems of this kind has become necessary due to the fact that until recently domestic market there were no analogues capable of solving such complex tasks. Also not available abroad similar solutions, however in recent years The intensification of work in this area is simply amazing. The first Russian development in this area was the AIS GK, created by the Novosibirsk branch of the Russian Scientific Research Center "Earth". It is aimed at providing various structures with reliable cadastral information: administration, privatization committee, insurance bureaus, tax inspectorates, institutions and enterprises, mortgage, land and investment banks, as well as individuals who own real estate.

Features of data accounting

It is important to understand that certain services and organizations of the city are capable of being not only passive consumers of cadastral information, but also shaping it, having a huge impact on the formation of the urban information space. It is for this reason that the development of AIS GC was carried out taking into account the possibility of using software products of similar users, and also provided for the safety of their fleet of technical measuring instruments. The unified information system was developed taking into account all these features.

Construction principles used

Modularity in terms of construction, which makes it possible to ensure the normal functioning of each individual element, and therefore of their entirety as a whole;

They have a very flexible software architecture, which allows you to include new subscribers in the network and exclude them from it without reducing the operability, reliability and performance of the entire structure, and also does not require any reconfiguration;

Data is fully protected from loss due to failures or unauthorized access to IS;

The classification and coding of data on elements of the urban environment is unified;

Information is entered in a unified format, which became possible thanks to the use of system tools settings that are provided operating system and network DBMS;

The results of geodetic changes are processed in a fully automated mode, regardless of what methods were used to collect them;

The information in the database is presented in topological integrity, it is possible to edit all types of cadastral data;

Operational control of the reliability and correctness of data in all operations with them.

Such a unified information system is capable of solving not only cadastral problems directly, but also many others associated with the development of plans for the development of territories and their redevelopment, environmental protection, rational placement of housing facilities, modeling of transport flows, property management and much more. In addition, such a system easily incorporates user devices, tools and computers.

Alternative options

The school information system is completely new approach to educational issues. By using important elements achieved timely provision data. For example, an element like electronic diary, is used to post information about grades and homework, allowing teachers to quickly interact with students. This includes a student portfolio that demonstrates their activities in and outside of school. The school information system supports the use personal settings privacy through personal account. Parents can quickly receive reliable information not only about academic performance, but also about homework.

So, all this allows you to understand what an information system is and how it helps in solving many important issues.

10. Information systems

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

2. Basic principles IP development

3. Classification of information systems.

4. Systems of classification and coding of economic information.

IP classes: MR I, MRP II, ERP

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

Information- this is some information, knowledge about objects and processes of the real world. Economic information is usually displayed in the form of documents.

Document - is a material medium of information that has legal force and is drawn up in the prescribed manner.

System is a complex of interconnected means acting as a single whole. Each system is characterized by structure, input and output flows, purpose and limitations, and the law of operation.

System covers a complex of interrelated elements that act as a single whole in achieving set goals.

Each system includes components

1. The structure of the system is the set of elements of the system and the relationships between them.

2. Functions of each element of the system

3. Input and output of each element and the system as a whole.

4. Goals and limitations of the system and its individual elements (achievements: reducing costs and increasing profits)

Each system has the properties of divisibility and integrity.

IP ensures the collection, storage, and processing of information about the facility, supplying employees of various ranks with information for the implementation of management functions.

EIS is system, functioning which consists in collecting, storing, processing and disseminating information about the activities of any economic entity in the real world.

EIS are designed to solve problems of data processing, office automation, searching for information and individual tasks based on artificial intelligence methods (from lectures).

Information system (IS) is a software and hardware complex designed for automated collection, storage, processing and delivery of information. Typically, information systems deal with large volumes of information that have a fairly complex structure. Classic examples of information systems are banking systems, transport ticketing systems, etc.

IS always specializes in information from a certain area of ​​the real world: economics, technology, medicine, etc. The part of the real world displayed in the IC is called subject area . Therefore, economic IP is IP whose subject area is economics. In this sense, she acts as information model subject area.

Any management system for an economic object has its own information system, called an economic information system.

Economic Information System (EIS) - these are a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

The information system is an information service system for employees of management services and performs technological functions for the accumulation, storage, transmission and processing of information. It develops, is formed and functions in accordance with the regulations determined by the methods and structure of management activities adopted at a specific economic entity, and implements the goals and objectives facing it.

IP structure

The most common division of EIS subsystems is the separation of supporting and functional parts. The functional part is actually a model of the facility management system. In relation to control systems, a sign of structuring can be the functions of object management, according to which the EIS consists of functional subsystems. The supporting part of the EIS consists of information, technical, software, organizational, legal and other types of support.

Regardless of the characteristics, any EIS consists of functional and supporting parts. The functional part is determined by the set of tasks to be solved, identified by certain types of activities of various economic entities (by function).

The supporting part is a complex of interconnected tools certain type, which ensure the functioning of the system as a whole or its individual elements. The supporting subsystems include: information support of IO, technical support of TO, mathematical support of MO, legal support of Prav.O, software software, organizational support of Org.O, technological support of Tech.O

IO is a set of a unified system for classifying and encoding information, unified documentation systems, information flow diagrams circulating in organizations, as well as a methodology for constructing a database. IO is divided into extra-machine and intra-machine.

A non-machine unified documentation system, as well as a classification and coding system for accounting information.

In-machine – documents and arrays of documents located in computer memory in the form of libraries, archives, databases, knowledge bases.

TO is a set of technical means intended for the operation of an IS, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

Tech.O - focused on the selected information technology for entering, registering, transferring, processing and issuing effective information. (centralized, distributed, decentralized)

Software – includes: system-wide and special software products, and also technical documentation(OS, shells, programs….)

Mat.O. – a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the IS, as well as the functioning of a complex of technical means.

Org.O is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and with each other in the process of development and operation of IS.

Right. – a set of legal norms that determine the creation of legal status and functioning of IP, regulating the procedure for obtaining the transformation and use of information. (from lectures)

The structure of information includes the following concepts: information space, subject area, object, object instance, object properties, interaction of objects and interaction properties. To describe a subject area means to list objects and the relationships between them, and then describe them with attributes and constituent units of information.

The structure of economic information is quite complex and can include various combinations of information sets that have a certain content. An information set is understood as a group of data characterizing an object, process, or operation. Based on their structural composition, information sets can be divided into:

details,

indicators,