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  • Management information processing systems work. Automated information processing and control systems

Management information processing systems work. Automated information processing and control systems

/ Automated information processing and control systems (ASOPI)

Information technologies (IT) occupy an important place in all spheres of human life and activity. A special place in the diversity of IT is occupied by automated information processing and management systems (ASOIU), the main purpose of which is the automation of activities related to the storage, transmission and processing of information. Since information is the most important resource in the modern world, automated information systems play a decisive role in any field of activity (accounting, banking, warehouse, administrative and management automated systems). Modern automated information systems rely on the use of local and global networks, processing of graphic, video and audio information, multimedia technology, and artificial intelligence systems. Without this kind of systems it is difficult to imagine a modern enterprise, regardless of the size and direction of activity. This largely determines the existing stable demand in all sectors of the economy for specialists in the field of design, creation and use of automated control systems. This also explains the great interest in this area among young people.

Specialty 230102 "Automated information processing and control systems" - this is a specialty for those who love mathematics and programming, want to be fluent in modern computer technology and software, network technologies of various sizes: from local to corporate and global.

This specialty is included in the general direction of training 230000 "Informatics and computer technology." The direction “Informatics and Computer Science” is a field of science and technology that includes a set of means, methods and methods of human activity aimed at creating and using:

· Computers, systems and networks;

· automated information processing and management systems;

· computer-aided design systems;

· computer software and automated systems.

An engineer in the field of training “Informatics and Computer Science” can perform the following: types of professional activities:

Ø design and engineering;

Ø production and technological;

Ø scientific research;

Ø organizational and managerial;

Ø operational.

Basic disciplines Junior year students study mathematics and physics, which provide basic fundamental knowledge; computer science, programming and information technology, developing algorithmic thinking and skills in creating your own programs; circuitry, which provides basic knowledge of computer architecture and operating system and an understanding of what is happening inside the computer. In senior years Programming technologies, databases, networks, expert systems, various programming environments, methods of systems theory and system analysis, and system design are studied. Students receive advanced education in the field of system analysis, mathematical methods of information processing, methods of scientific research, design of information systems. It is this cycle that transforms students from computer users into highly qualified specialists capable of developing and improving modern information systems.

All of the listed disciplines include the mandatory use of computers in laboratory classes and independent work of students. In all cycles of disciplines and especially in special disciplines, teachers who took part in and supervised the development of real complex projects of automated systems pass on their practical and theoretical experience and knowledge to students. The organization and content of the educational process is constantly being improved. Every year new sections of disciplines and entire disciplines are introduced, the content of laboratory work is updated, new software is studied and included in the educational process.

The demand for graduates who have completed this specialty increases in proportion to the growth of the computer park, because The level of informatization is becoming one of the significant factors in the development of society.

Many students of the faculty actively participate in departmental scientific research, participate in scientific conferences.

Graduates of the department who have completed their studies with honors can enter the

Automated system

integrated systems.

Types of ASOIU collateral

Technical support

Software

Information Support

Intelligent Software

Today under software

Organizational support

methodological support

legal support

staffing

Dialogue support

Linguistic support

ergonomic support

Metrological support

Functional subsystems

functional subsystem

tasks enterprises.

.

transport management

project management

Idea quality management

Architecture of ASOIU

completely decentralized

partially centralized

completely centralized

b data server

application server

Synthesis of goals and objectives of ASOIU

\

Automation will increase costs, but at the same time streamline work and will create prospects for the development of the enterprise, will create a competitive advantage for the company. To formulate the goals and objectives of the created ASOIU, it is necessary:

1) determine the composition and relative importance of tasks solved by various users in the enterprise;

2) assess and analyze the presence, severity and sources of problems experienced by users when solving problems;

3) identify user needs and formulate the goals and objectives of ASOIU in general, for specific users and for specific tasks.

DESIGN STAGE

The description of the ASOIU concept is carried out in the form of a research report with applications. The main part of the report contains a description of the methodological basis of the work carried out and an annotated description of the results obtained, namely:

a brief overview and classification of the design object - a corporate information system;

formulation and setting of design problems;

methods for solving the main design problems - formulating the goals and objectives of ASOIU, building structural, functional and information models of the enterprise and the processes occurring in it;

description of alternative options for creating ASOIU and the process of selecting the best option;

An annotated description of the ASOIU concept.

The results obtained during the work and design documentation, due to its significant volume, are included in appendices published in the form of separate books. The applications present:

organizational structure and description of divisions of the enterprise;

results of a survey of department heads, setting goals and objectives of ASOIU;

functional model of the main management and production processes of the enterprise;

functional structure of ASOIU and specification of technical requirements for its subsystems and functions;

enterprise information model;

design and operational documentation describing “pilot” ASOIU applications introduced into trial operation

Requirements for operational personnel

Database administrator. A specialist who has experience in designing and operating a database and has undergone appropriate training should be involved as a database administrator. Despite the abundance of technical literature on database design, training an administrator is fraught with many difficulties. The first difficulty is related to the need for such a specialist to develop conceptual thinking in relation to data and the subject area. The database administrator must think in terms of the entity-relationship model, reflexively “feel” all the restrictions imposed by the schema on the data, and instantly recognize any signs of abnormal relationships. The second feature of database administrator training is the mass of subtleties in working with a DBMS, which can only be learned with experience or in consultation with a company competent in these matters.

Network administrator. A specialist who has undergone appropriate training and has experience in installing and administering networks in an enterprise should be hired as a network administrator.

System and application programmers.

Systems Analyst. A specialist with a basic cybernetic education and experience working in a given enterprise should be hired as a systems analyst. The main task of a systems analyst is to identify changes in production and management processes at an enterprise and specify the corresponding changes in the automated control system. To solve this problem, a systems analyst must master the methods of structural and functional analysis of systems

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ASOIU

Automated system– a system consisting of personnel and a set of automation tools for their activities, implementing information technology to perform established functions.

Automated information processing and control system we will call a system consisting of interconnected and interacting in space and time computational, algorithmic and communication tools, information sources with metrological support, control and display tools used to obtain a product of a given quality with human participation under certain operating conditions.

Systems in which a person is completely excluded from the control process are called automatic. When part of the control functions in a system is performed by humans, they are called automated systems (drawing from a book on ergonomics).

Classification of ASOIU according to the role of a person (the ability to intervene in the functioning process).

Classification according to the size of the scope of action - the scale of the globe, state, industry, enterprise, individual processes and operations.

Classification according to the nature of the tasks being solved - strategic, tactical, operational.

In terms of reaction time to incoming information and signals:

Real-time automatic control systems are characterized by the fact that they are used in the control of processes in which the moments of receipt of information and the moments of issuance of control signals and data are strictly regulated. A characteristic feature of these systems is the high rate of data receipt (up to several MHz) and the frequency of control and data output (up to several hundred Hz).

ASOIU with control time are found when servicing processes in which only certain stages of the process are regulated.

Depending on the control object, ASOIU are divided into:

automated process control systems(APCS), designed to collect and process information, develop and implement control actions on a technological control object (TOU) in real time;

automated enterprise management systems(ACS), designed to collect and process information and develop control actions on the organizational and administrative management object, including in real time. industry automated control systems(OASU), designed to collect and process information and develop control actions on the industry as a whole or its individual enterprises

state automated systems(GAS), designed to collect and process information when solving a specific problem on a state scale (for example, GAS “Elections”, AS “State Population Register”).

As a result of combining systems of different types, integrated systems. ASOIU is designed to automatically perform the following functions:

collection, processing and analysis of information (signals, messages, documents) about the state of the control object;

development of control actions (programs, plans);

transmission of control actions (signals, instructions, documents) for execution;

implementation and control of control actions;

exchange of information with interconnected automated systems.

Types of ASOIU collateral

Technical support includes all hardware and technical means used in the operation of ASOIU - computers, network and peripheral equipment, meters and signal converters, structural modules, lines and communication means, as well as a description of their functional, design and operational characteristics.

Software– this is a set of programs and program documentation that ensures the creation, operation and testing of the functionality of the automatic control system. In general, software is usually divided into system and application.

Information Support– this is a set of information, principles of its organization and storage, ensuring the solution of the tasks assigned to ASOIU. Information support of ASOIU is part of the general information system of the enterprise and includes operational databases, data warehouses, a set of information models, classifiers and methods for encoding information, a regulatory framework, methods and means of protecting, backing up and restoring information.

Intelligent Software is a body of knowledge, principles of its coding, storage and mechanism of use for solving the tasks assigned to ASOIU.

Today under software What is meant is not programs, but a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms used in ASOIU for processing and converting information in solving the tasks assigned to it.

Organizational support– this is a set of administrative and organizational measures and documents that establish the organizational structure, rights and responsibilities of users and operational personnel of the ASOIU in the process of creating, implementing, operating, testing and ensuring the operability of the system.

methodological support is a set of documents and recommendations that describe the technology of operation of the automatic control system, methods for selecting and applying technological techniques by users to obtain specific results during the operation of the system.

legal support– a set of legal norms and documents regulating legal relations during the functioning of the ASOIU and the legal status of the results of its functioning - documents and decisions produced with the help of the ASOIU.

Another type of support separated from the organizational one is staffing– a set of measures to train personnel for subsequent operation, maintenance and development of the system. This issue will be discussed in more detail in Chap. 5.

Dialogue support is a set of means (visual, sensorimotor, etc.) and principles for organizing the exchange of information between users and automated information systems.

Linguistic support is an integral part of the dialogue and is intended to formalize the natural language used when users and operational personnel communicate with the automated information control system.

Dialogue support is an integral part ergonomic support, aimed at harmonizing the psychological, psychophysiological, anthropometric and physiological characteristics and capabilities of users with the technical characteristics of the automatic control system and the parameters of workplaces and the working environment.

Metrological support is a set of measures and technical means that ensure the specified quality of interaction between the automated control system and the control object.

Functional subsystems

An ASOIU component designed to automate a certain type of activity or solve one problem is called functional subsystem. Each functional subsystem, as a rule, contains several types of support - information, software, etc. Some supporting subsystems may be common to several functional subsystems at once. For example, the modern architecture of ASOIU involves the creation of a single common database, which is used by all functional subsystems.

Each user’s access to “their” functional subsystem is carried out through automated workstation(AWS) – a software and hardware complex focused on a specific type of activity (for example, a technologist’s workstation, an accountant’s workstation, etc.).

The functional structure of the automated control system corresponds to the functional model of the automated enterprise and is decomposed into separate production and management tasks enterprises.

The modern Western concept of enterprise management dates back to the 60s. The first step in its development was a new approach to material requirements planning(MRP – Material Requirements Planning): material flow management, production management, financial management.

The MRP approaches described above have been generalized and combined into a single concept enterprise resource planning(ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning), which today is the de facto Western standard for an enterprise management system. In addition to MRP functions, the ERP management system includes:

transport management– planning and management of orders for the transportation of goods - raw materials and finished products (including for enterprises involved in cargo transportation), accounting of tariffs, monitoring the location of goods;

equipment maintenance and repair management– planning and accounting of activities related to periodic preventive repairs and maintenance of production equipment;

project management– planning, monitoring and management of the implementation of all long-term projects at the enterprise, including research and design and technological work, preparation and technical re-equipment of production, etc.

Thus, it can be argued that an ERP management system is an integrated complex consisting of interrelated and interacting functions focused on comprehensive, effective process-oriented enterprise management.

Idea quality management consists of creating a general production culture at the enterprise that ensures a given level of product quality. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve both production and management processes

Architecture of ASOIU

By ASOI architecture we will understand the set of principles of organization and interaction between various structural elements of the system. The main factor determining the architecture of the system is the degree of its centralization. As is known, from this position systems are divided into:

completely decentralized when all subsystems and elements function independently and independently and interact with each other in accordance with some uniform rules;

partially centralized, combining the features of both centralized and decentralized systems;

completely centralized, which assume the presence of a single core in which all resources are concentrated, and subsystems and lower-level elements that are entirely dependent on it.

From the point of view of structural centralization, three stages can be distinguished in the historical development of ASOIU in our country.

The first stage is from the appearance of the first automated control systems (early-mid 70s) to the spread of personal computers (late 80s - early 90s). This stage is characterized by systems with strictly centralized architecture. The central link of most automated information systems of this generation was one or two large computers

The second stage was completely provoked by the mass distribution of personal computers and lasted almost until the end of the 90s. ASOIU of this period were created with a decentralized architecture, as a set of single-level independent automated workstations interconnected by a local network. The fundamental disadvantage of this architecture is the lack of a unified information space.

The beginning of the third stage can be considered the mid-90s. A characteristic feature of this stage was a gradual return to a centralized architecture. The first step was the emergence of client-server technologies for creating databases, making it possible to implement two-tier partially centralized architecture with centralized data storage (“single information space”) (Fig. 3, b). With such an architecture, all information used in the process of solving various management problems is structured in accordance with a single information-logical (conceptual) model and is brought into one place - data server. With a two-level architecture, any user workstation performs only two functions - data processing and providing a user interface.

The next step towards the centralization of the ASOI architecture was the alienation of information processing functions from user workstations. If previously each of the functions reflected a specific isolated management process at a separate workplace, now these functions become part of the overall functional model of the enterprise. This allows us to typify, mutually agree and unify information processing functions and transfer them to a single executor - application server. This architecture is called three-tier partially centralized architecture with centralized data storage and processing

Using this principle allows you to implement four-tier fully centralized architecture ASOIU, in which a corporate Internet and/or intranet server, interacting with an application server, provides dialogue with all users over the network using the standard TCP/IP protocol and a standard explorer program. In this case, the user's workstation turns into a simple remote terminal and is called a “thin client”.

“Basic concepts of control of automated information processing and control systems”

Automated information processing and control systems (ASOPI) - a field of science and technology that includes a wide range of means, methods and methods of activity aimed at developing technical, information, software, mathematical, linguistic, ergonomic, organizational and legal support for the named systems, as well as the structure of the systems as a whole.

In accordance with the State educational standard of higher professional education, a specialist in the field of automated information processing and control systems, in accordance with fundamental and special training, can perform such types of professional activities as: design, scientific research, operation in this field.

He must know and be able to use basic mathematical concepts and methods, mathematical models of processes in natural science and technology, probabilistic models for analysis and quantitative assessments of specific processes, basic concepts of information science and computer technology, patterns of information processes in control systems, operating principles of technical and software means, basic techniques for processing experimental data.

From the point of view of general professional disciplines, an engineer in the field of automated systems must have an understanding of:

  • - about the basic laws of the functioning of systems and the possibility of their system analysis;
  • - about modern methods of research, optimization and design of ASOIU;
  • - on the use of the basic principles of control theory in various fields of science and technology;

Under automated information processing and management system is understood as a set of economic and mathematical methods, organizational measures, information and technical means that ensure the collection, transmission, processing and presentation of results on the activities of any object, enterprise, division.

  • - about the possibilities of information technologies and their application in industry, scientific research, organizational management and other areas;
  • - about the current state and trends in the development of computer architectures, computer systems and networks, about the architecture and capabilities of microprocessor tools;
  • - about modern algorithmic languages, about the problems and directions of development of programming technology, about the basic methods and means of automating software design, about methods of organizing work in software development teams.

Information in ASOIU can be classified according to several criteria.

Based on the nature of the change, information can be classified as follows:

  • · conditionally constant, changing its quantitative characteristics occasionally;
  • · a variable that quickly changes its quantitative characteristics during processing.

An example of conditionally permanent information is planned and regulatory indicators, prices, and the cost of fixed assets.

Let's consider the classification of information according to the method of use in the system:

  • · input information,
  • · output information.

Input information submit source documents. The entered information can, in turn, be divided into basic and current (operational). The basic one is formed on the basis of input information and is stored during the entire operation of the ASOIU, undergoing correction and replenishment if necessary. The base includes planned performance indicators of the managed process or object. Operational information is generated on the basis of constantly arriving source data and is regularly used for processing.

The quality of management depends entirely on the completeness and reliability of the source data.

Output information is the result of logical and mathematical processing of basic information. It is presented in the form of documents reflecting the state of the managed process, and in the form of commands sent to the executive bodies.

In addition to the basic information (databases) characterizing the problem being solved, the information support includes the so-called service information: arrays of reference information, dictionaries that simplify the process of communication between the user and the system, as well as an information coding system.

It is useful to consider the concept of “data” and how to organize it. On the one hand, the data is characterized by details. The props contain two groups of information: basis and attributes. The basis is related to quantitative assessment. An example of a basis is price, quantity of material, final indicators. Signs express qualitative properties and characterize the processes by which they were obtained: names of materials, works, grade, size, storage warehouse, date of receipt.

Data can be presented in two ways:

  • * specific quantities - constants that do not change values ​​in the process of solving the problem;
  • * in generalized form as variables.

A variable is a named data whose value may change during the process of solving a problem or when solving it repeatedly.

The data processed in a computer differs in the set of permissible values ​​and the types of operations that can be performed on them. These two characteristics determine the type of the given. There are numeric, symbolic, logical and date data types.

Numeric data accept signed or unsigned numeric values. The operations that are allowed on numerical data and implemented in a computer can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation. The result of their execution is a number. The second group includes operations comparing two quantities (relational operations): greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, equal to, not equal to. The result of their execution is the logical value TRUE (true) if the condition is true, and FALSE (false) otherwise.

Character data takes values ​​as a sequence of any characters.

Note. Typically, character data is highlighted with special characters (for example, `hello').

It is permissible to perform the following operations on character data:

  • - comparison operation “equals”, as a result of which the value TRUE or FALSE is formed;
  • - the operation of concatenating two character data into one.

Logical data takes one of two possible values ​​(TRUE, FALSE).

Valid operations on logical data are operations of the algebra of logic: negation, disjunction, conjunction (see section 3).

Data of the “date” type accept date values ​​represented in the computer in the form MM/DD/YY or DD/MM/YY, where MM is the two-digit number of the month in the year, DD is the number, YY is the last two digits of the year.

The following operations can be performed on data of this type:

  • - arithmetic - addition, subtraction (an integer can be added to a date or subtracted from a date - the number of days), the result of which is a date;
  • - an operation of comparing two dates, the result of which, of course, is the logical value TRUE or FALSE.

Let's look at ways to organize data. It is possible to organize data into arrays, structures, lists.

ASOIU software includes system software in the form of an operating system (OS), application software (for example, database management systems, table processors), as well as specialized software aimed at solving a specific class of problems.

An OS is understood as a set of programs that supports the functioning of a computer, freeing the user from allocating resources and controlling their use for the purpose of storing and managing data, optimally performing several tasks in parallel (including taking into account the priority of their execution), and using input/output devices.

There are the following processing modes for user programs: batch, dialog mode and real-time mode. The latter, as mentioned above, is a control mode for real processes.

As a rule, automated information processing and control systems are a complex complex of parallel operating subsystems that occupy a certain place in the overall control chain. Complex problems are expediently decomposed into smaller subtasks (“divide-and-concuer” - “divide and conquer”). At the same time, the choice of decomposition into subtasks - structuring the problem statement - is one of the most important steps in the design of an automated control system. Each subsystem has its own control area with independent inputs and outputs. The results of solving problems of one subsystem serve as initial data or restrictions for the performance of functions by another subsystem.

Multi-level systems provide for both vertical and horizontal information links. Based on interaction, a distinction is made between monohierarchical and polyhierarchical multi-level systems. In the first, only radial information transmission lines are implemented. In Fig. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a single-level automated information processing and control system.

The following figures show block diagrams of multi-level automated information processing and control systems. They differ in the nature of the lines of communication between the sources of information and the centralized point of its processing. There are radial (Fig. 3), main or chain (Fig. 4), tree-like (Fig. 5) and hierarchical, that is, mixed structures (Fig. 6). As the number of managed objects increases, the structure of the automated control system also becomes more complex. The most characteristic are chain and tree structures. With a chain structure, the subsystems are dispersed along the communication line. This design principle is typical for transport and other systems.

When choosing the structure of the ASOIU, you should be guided by the following principles:

  • · minimizing the number of hierarchy levels and communication lines,
  • · providing the simplest schemes of interaction between system elements.

But at the same time, it is necessary to comply with the condition of complete independence of each of the subsystems.

In Fig. Figure 7 shows a more detailed block diagram of the automated information processing and control system.


Let's consider the essence of each of the components.

Information base is a collection of data, namely arrays of processed information, dictionaries and arrays of reference information.

Software should be considered as a set of system software that controls the functioning of the computer, application software that implements the processes of text processing, maintaining databases, and processing tabular information. In addition, each automated control system is characterized by specialized software that implements control procedures.

Organizational component unites people whose joint activities, on the basis of certain rules and procedures, are aimed at achieving management goals. It regulates the flow of information in the system, the timing of information submission in accordance with the network management schedule.

Software is based on the theory of automatic control and is a set of mathematical methods and algorithms for implementing a task on a computer.

Technical support is based primarily on computer technology, and is also represented by telecommunications means of receiving and transmitting information, equipment for interfaces with communication lines, means of documenting information, and devices for human interaction with a computer.

The following requirements apply to the technical support of ASOIU:

  • - ensuring the necessary throughput (response time to a user request should not exceed two to three seconds);
  • - unity of the information base of all users of the system with the right of collective access to it and at the same time ensuring the protection of information from unauthorized access;
  • - interactive mode of human interaction with the system;
  • - possibility of system development;
  • - ability to work online.

Methodological support presented with documentation reflecting the composition and functioning of the ASOIU.

Let's consider basic functionality of automated information processing and control systems.

These include:

  • 1. Collection of information.
  • 2. Data processing: carrying out calculations, sorting information.
  • 3. Search for information using standard queries.
  • 4. Issuance of certificates on all indicators characterizing the information being processed.
  • 5. Generation of information and analytical data for human decision-making necessary at various stages of management and planning.

Automated information processing and control systems - human-machine systems. A person participates in decision making based on the analysis and evaluation of the information received. ASOIU should always be focused on the general user (a specialist in his professional activity) and have a dialog interface that involves the implementation of the following modes:

  • · “question-answer” mode with the initiative to ask questions at the computer,
  • · extensive use of hints,
  • · providing the user with various menus with the right to choose one of the positions.

There are three levels of communication between a person and a computer:

  • - logical,
  • - relational,
  • - level of knowledge representation.

Information issues are dealt with by a special branch of knowledge - information theory, which studies the processes by which relevant information can be collected and transmitted through communication channels. In this case, information is assessed using quantitative characteristics, as a rule, without taking into account the meaning of the transmitted information.

The main problem that arises with this approach to assessing information is the creation of the most effective forms of transmitting information while maintaining reliability.

The information message consists of symbols , specified by an alphabet of letters and numbers. If a message contains N characters, then the number of possible different states in this message is L = MN. When using the binary number system, a bit is used as a unit of information - one binary digit. To measure information, a byte is used - eight binary digits sufficient to represent the codes of all characters of the alphabet used in the binary number system. Coding significantly reduces the total amount of information used in the system and, accordingly, the memory required to store it.

Basic information processes , characteristic of ASOIU can be formulated as follows:

  • · identification of information,
  • · transfer of information,
  • · data storage,
  • · information processing,
  • · presentation of information,
  • · generation of new information as a result of management measures taken.

The introduction of automated information processing and management systems is associated with a large amount of work on studying information flows, formalizing operations, unifying primary documents, and eliminating their duplication.

Analyzing information processes, it should be noted that one of the first tasks solved when creating an automated information management system is the typification of documents, which is associated with the selection of a minimum number of indicators from which, through appropriate processing, information sufficient to achieve a result can be obtained.

In connection with the multi-level ASOI system, the problem of information aggregation arises, which is associated with the hierarchical nature of management: different information is needed to make a decision at each level. At the highest level they deal with generalized information, at the lower level they deal with detailed indicators.

Analysis of information flows in ASOIU shows that, along with the necessary information, there is a large proportion of redundant information. The urgent task is to highlight essential information and reduce the share of redundant information.

An automated information processing and management system is understood as a set of economic and mathematical methods, organizational measures, information and technical means that ensure the collection, transmission, processing and presentation of results on the activities of any object, enterprise, division.

Automated information processing and control systems belong to the class of human-machine systems, and their development in each specific area of ​​application follows the line of increasing the role of computers both in the field of decision-making and in the field of implementation of decisions made.

The limiting case, when responsibility for both the decisions made and their implementation is assigned to the computer, should be considered as a separate field of computer application, namely the field of automatic control in real time. To enable real-time operation, corresponding programming languages ​​and programs must contain time-dependent constructs.

In this case, the computer is used in the feedback loop of some control system, that is, human intervention in the control process is completely eliminated.

So, one should distinguish between the terms “automated” and “automatic”.

State Committee of the Russian Federation

in higher education

Nizhny Novgorod Technical College

Laboratory of modern technical office equipment

Tutorial

Specialty 2202

discipline

“Technical means of information processing”

Automated information processing and control systems

Developed by: Shishanov Yu.A.

Approved at the meeting

subject commission

Protocol No.___ dated ________19___

Chairman of the Commission

_______________________________

N. Novgorod 2000

1. Introduction............................................... ........................................................ ........... 5

1.1. Concept: information and computer science. The impact of the media on the senses. Types of computer information................................................... 5

2. Copying and reproduction tools.................................................... ..... 12

2.1. Electrographic copying................................................................... .......... 12

2.1.1. Basic principles of electrographic copying........... 12

2.1.2. Operating principles of modern analogue copiers.................................................... ........................................................ ............ 14

2.1.3. Planar electrographic apparatus EP-12 R2 (ERA-12RM). 21

2.1.4. Portable desktop copier "Canon" FC-2. 22

3. Desktop electronic printing house. PC, peripheral equipment and software.................................................... ... 32

3.1. Input Devices................................................ .................................... 32

3.1.1. Keyboard, mouse. Purpose, device and principle of operation 32

3.1.2. Joystick, light pen, digitizer. Purpose, device and principle of operation.................................................... ........................................................ .. 35

3.1.3. Scanners, types of scanners and their technical characteristics. Purpose, composition and principle of operation.................................................... ............... 37

3.2. Output devices........................................................ ................................ 45

3.2.1. Monitors and their characteristics. Purpose, composition and principle of operation.................................................... ........................................................ ................. 45

3.2.2. Impact printers................................................................... ........ 55

3.2.3. Non-impact printers................................................................. .... 59

3.2.4. Thermal printer........................................................ .................... 64

3.2.5. Plotters........................................................ ..................................... 65

4. Multimedia methods and tools.................................................... ............... 67

4.1. Multimedia methods and tools................................................................. ............ 67

4.1.1. The concept of multimedia, multimedia PC.................................... 67

4.1.2. Sound card. Purpose, composition and principle of operation............... 70

4.1.3. Analog-to-digital conversion.................................................................... 71

4.1.4. Encoding of audio data. Characteristics of recording and playback modules.................................................... ........................................................ 72

4.1.5. Synthesizer module. Sound synthesis based on frequency modulation, wave tables, physical modeling and their characteristics................................ 73

4.1.6. Memory size................................................ .................................. 79

4.1.7. Video card. Purpose, composition, and principle of operation according to the functional diagram................................................. ............................................... 84

4.1.8. Multimedia accelerators................................................................. .............. 90

5. Office equipment............................................................. ................................ 92

5.1. A television................................................. ............................................... 92

5.1.1. Television standards................................................... ............. 92

5.1.2. Simplified functional diagram of a sound transmitter.................................. 98

5.1.3. Color kinescope .................................................... ........................ 104

5.1.4. Teletext system................................................... ....................... 107

6. Cassette video recorders.................................................... ............... 115

6.1. Cassette video recorders “Electronics VM-12”.................................... 115

6.1.1. Tape transport mechanism................................................... ......... 123

7. Telecommunications.................................................................... 128

7.1. Fax communication................................................... ................................ 128

7.1.1. Fax Basics................................................... 128

Lesson 1. The principle of operation of a modern fax machine 131

7.2. Cell Phones................................................ ................................ 137

7.2.1. Principles of building a cellular network.................................................... 137

7.2.2. Cell Phones................................................ ....................... 145

7.2.3. Organization of a cellular communication network................................................................. ... 152

8. Paging.................................................................... ................................... 155

8.1. "The history of paging"................................................... ........................... 155

8.2. "Radio Signal Characteristics"................................................................. ............ 156

8.2.1. 16K0F1D................................................... .................................... 156

8.2.2. "Basic paging protocols"............................................. 156

8.2.3. POCSAG protocol................................................... .................... 157

8.2.4. FLEX protocol................................................... ........................... 157

8.2.5. ERMES protocol................................................... ........................ 158

8.3. "Conventional propagation of radio waves"................................................... .. 159

8.4. "Radio paging in Russia"................................................... ....................... 160

8.5. "The Future of Paging".................................................. ................. 161

9. Telecommunications.................................................................... 166

9.1. Local and wide area networks.................................................... 166

9.1.1. Concept: local and global aircraft.................................................... 166

9.2. Network topology................................................... ..................................... 169

9.2.1. Star topology................................................................. ....................... 169

9.2.2. Ring topology................................................... ................... 170

9.2.3. Bus topology................................................... ....................... 171

9.3. Local network components................................................................... ............... 172

Literature:

O. Kolesnichenko, I. Shishigin “RS Hardware” Dusseldorf, Kyiv, Moscow, St. Petersburg.

User's Guide. “Modems”. Lan S. Petersburg 1997

Barry Nance. “Computer networks” Bipom Moscow 1996

G. Vachnadze. “World Television” Tbilisi ed. “Ganatleba” 1989

V. Figurnov “IBM PC for the user.” St. Petersburg 1994

A. Kotsubinsky, S. Groshev. “Modern self-instruction manual for working on the Internet” Ed. Triumph. Moscow 1997

Berry Press “PC Repair and Upgrade” User's Bible. Ed. Dialectics. Moscow. St. Petersburg, Kyiv. 1999

A. Bobrov “Copying equipment”, Service “Repair and Maintenance”, Issue 9, Ed. DMK, Moscow 1999

V. Polyakov. “Initiation into radio electronics.” Ed. Radio and communications. Moscow 1988

V. Jaconia, A. Gogol, Y. Druzin and others. Television: a textbook for universities. – M.: Radio and Communications, 1997.

V. Vinogradov Lessons from a TV master. Ed. 2. – St. Petersburg: LAN, CORONA-PRINT, 1997.

1.1. Concept: information and computer science. The impact of media on the senses. Types of computer information

Concept: information and computer science

Information- (from the Latin word Informatio explanation, presentation). Initial - information transmitted by one person to another person orally, in writing or in some other way (for example, using conventional signals, using technical means, etc.), as well as the process of transmitting or receiving this information itself.

Computer science, a discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, as well as the patterns of its creation, transformation, transmission and use in various spheres of human activity.

Due to the presence of five sense organs in humans, information about the environment comes to a person constantly. Vision provides the most information. If the eyes are open, then a huge amount of information comes through them about the shape and color of objects, where they are, and even how they move.

Conclusion:

¨ All information coming to a person consists of signals.

¨ A person receives these signals, processes them and either executes them or remembers them.

The impact of the media on the senses.

A person is designed in such a way that he protects himself from unnecessary, incomprehensible and unpleasant information. She walks past him. In this case, a person does not process it, which means he cannot remember and turn it into knowledge.

Information that cannot be understood and assimilated is called information noise.

Conclusion:

1. It is difficult for a person to consume information. He can only do this in very small portions. Any overload turns into information noise, and... it becomes useless, that is, it does not turn into knowledge.

2. It is difficult for a person to process information. This makes him tired.

3. Man, we can make mistakes. Due to information noise, we can incorrectly process information and turn it into false knowledge.

4. A person is biased (i.e. he perceives information not as it is, but as it seems to him). If the information coincides with his personal opinion, he accepts, processes and assimilates it very easily. If information is unpleasant to him, he assimilates it with great difficulty and much remains unattended.

5. A person cannot store information for a long time. If you do not consolidate knowledge with constant exercises, information is forgotten very quickly.

What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that can:

¨ Receive information;

¨ Process information;

¨ Keep information;

¨ Give out information.

As was previously said, humans also have these functions. However, he does this slowly, sometimes with mistakes and not always willingly. A computer frees us from the need to process mountains of information, but it does it quickly, reliably, produces it in a form that is convenient for a person, and stores it indefinitely.

Theoretical preparation includes study and knowledge of:

Methodological and regulatory materials on the design and development of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); technologies for design and development of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); prospects and trends in the development of information technologies; technical characteristics and economic indicators of the best domestic and foreign samples of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); procedure, methods and means of protecting intellectual property; methods for analyzing the quality of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); modern means of computer technology, communications and communication; basic requirements for labor organization when designing computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); rules, methods and means of preparing technical documentation; fundamentals of economics, labor organization, production organization and scientific research; basics of labor legislation; rules and regulations of labor protection.

Types of activities of a graduate (who is being trained), what a graduate can do

Practical skills are implemented in the following areas:
  • design and engineering activities:
    development of requirements and specifications for individual components of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks) based on an analysis of user requests, domain models and capabilities of technical means; designing the architecture of components of hardware and software systems; design of human-machine interface of hardware and software systems; the use of computer technology (CT), programming tools for the effective implementation of hardware and software systems; designing elements of mathematical, linguistic, information and software for computer systems (CS) and automated systems based on modern methods, tools and design technologies, including using computer-aided design systems;
  • production-technological and service-operational activities:
    creation of aircraft components, automated systems and production of programs and software systems of a given quality within a given time frame; testing and debugging of hardware and software systems; diagnostics and troubleshooting, carrying out preventive measures, setting up, adapting objects of professional activity, analyzing the operational characteristics of objects of professional activity, developing proposals for their modification; development of testing programs and methods, testing of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); integration of hardware and software, layout of computer systems, complexes and networks; certification of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks);
  • research activities:
    selection and transformation of mathematical models of phenomena, processes and systems for the purpose of their effective software and hardware implementation and their research using computer technology; selection of mathematical models, methods, computer technologies and decision support systems in scientific research, design and engineering activities, management of technological, economic, social systems and in humanitarian areas of human activity; analysis, theoretical and experimental research of methods, algorithms, programs, hardware and software complexes and systems; assessment of the reliability and quality of functioning of the design object; creation and research of mathematical and software models of computing and information processes related to the functioning of objects of professional activity; development of plans, programs and methods for researching software and hardware systems; development and improvement of formal models and methods used in the creation of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks);
  • organizational and managerial activities:
    organization of individual stages of the development process of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks) with a given quality within a given time frame; assessment, control and management of the development process of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); selection of technology, tools and VT tools when organizing the process of development and research of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks); training of personnel within the framework of the accepted organization of the process of developing computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks);
  • operational activities:
    installation, configuration and maintenance of system, instrumental and application software, aircraft and automated systems; support of software products, aircraft and automated systems; selection of methods and means for measuring the operational characteristics of computer-based systems (computers, complexes and networks), organization of the work of the primary team of performers; organizing the work of a structural unit of an organization or the organization as a whole.

Basic disciplines

The specialist training program includes the study of five cycles of disciplines:
  • GSE - general humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines (economics, law, sociology, etc.);
  • EN - general mathematical and natural science disciplines (mathematics, programming, systems theory and system analysis, etc.);
  • OPD - general professional disciplines (Information management, operating systems, databases, information technologies, etc.);
  • SD - special disciplines, including specialization disciplines (for example, theoretical foundations of automated control, system modeling, programming technology, system software, network technologies, artificial intelligence systems, etc.);
  • FTD - optional disciplines.

Possible areas of activity for graduates

Engineer; software engineer; Leading software engineer, electronics engineer (electronics engineer); Lead Engineer; automated control systems engineer; Leading Engineer, Task Engineer; network administrator; logistics engineer; Lead Engineer; team leader; head of the automated control system department; head of the automated control system department; head of the information and computing center; deputy head of the enterprise for information support; head of the enterprise.

Examples of graduate employment

LLC "LUKOIL - Western Siberia", Tyumen region, LLC "OSK "Grad", Samara, OJSC "Samara Diagnostic Center", Samara, LLC "EPAM Systems", Samara, LLC "Software Technologies", Samara, LLC "Kulity Softwear Systems", Samara, LLC "BIT Business and Technologies", Samara, Samara branch of ZAO "Raiffeisenbank", LLC Povolzhsky Information Analytical Center "Inform-S", LLC "Electronics Plus", Samara, OJSC Confectionery Association RUSSIA, FSUE RUSSIAN POST OSP Samara Post Office, Samara Automobiles-M LLC, Zheleznaya Logika LLC, Samara, SVET Firm LLC, Samara, CJSC WebZavod, Samara, OJSC Samaraneftekhimproekt, CJSC ER-Telecom Company, etc.

Companies with which the department cooperates, communication with enterprises where internships take place

  • JSC "Kraft-S"
  • CJSC AvtovazBank
  • OJSC KB "Solidarity"
  • TsSKB "Progress"
  • OJSC "ER-Telecom"
  • Microsoft Company
  • D-Link Company
  • SoftLine IT Academy
  • Department of the Federal Service for Social Protection of the Samara Region model training center
  • CJSC "Garant-Service Samara"
  • Fujitsu Siemens Computers LLC Regional information center of the all-Russian legal information dissemination network ConsultantPlus
  • STC AvtoVAZ, Tolyatti, etc. CJSC "Kraft-S"