How is RAM designated? Characteristics and markings of RAM

When studying the technical specifications of computers, users often encounter incomprehensible abbreviations or terms. A striking example, abbreviation for RAM or RAM. Typically, computer manufacturers and sellers indicate something like “RAM – 8 GB” or “RAM – 8 GB”. At the same time, these abbreviations are not deciphered or explained in any way; it is assumed that buyers should know what they mean. But this is not always the case. In this article we will talk about what RAM or RAM is in a computer and what they are used for.

Let's start with the main thing, the abbreviations RAM and RAM mean the same thing, namely random access memory. RAM stands for random access memory, and RAM stands for Random Access Memory, which translates as random access memory and means the same thing. Therefore, if the computer specifications say “RAM – 8 GB” or “RAM – 8 GB”, then this means that the amount of RAM of this computer is 8 GB.

Now a little more about what RAM is in a computer and what it is needed for. RAM, or more simply put, is a volatile memory that stores data and commands that are processed by the processor. Volatile means that it only works when there is power. As soon as the power is lost, all data in RAM is deleted. This is why RAM cannot be used for long-term data storage.

During the development of computers, quite a few appeared various types RAM, which operate based on different physical principles. Modern computers have been using Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory for quite some time now, which can be translated as synchronous dynamic memory with random access and double data transfer speed. Now the current standard is DDR4 - this is the fourth generation of operational DDR memory SD RAM and most new computers come with DDR4.

DDR memory is small fee with chips that connects to special slots on the computer motherboard. Typically, there are two or four such slots to the right of the processor. On the most advanced motherboards there may be six or eight such slots, in which case they are located on both sides of the processor. DDR modules different generations are not compatible with each other. Therefore, it will not be possible to install DDR4 into a motherboard that supports DDR3.

The picture below shows RAM modules from DDR to DDR4. As you can see, they have a special slot (key) that prevents the memory from being installed into an unsuitable motherboard.

It should also be noted that RAM for laptops is structurally different from RAM for desktop computers. Therefore, install laptop memory in desktop computer or vice versa will also not work.

Few users know what it is - RAM. Although almost everyone guesses that we are talking about some component in the computer. Meanwhile, there is an exact decoding.

RAM (or RAM) is a random access memory device, which is popularly often called “RAM”. This “RAM” is present in any computer, laptop and even phone - without it, not a single gadget can operate. True, for different devices it is required in different amounts, but we’ll talk about that later.

Difference from constant

Now that the decryption of RAM is known, it should be noted important point. Many beginners confuse RAM with permanent memory available on the hard drive, but this should not be done. There is nothing in common between them. These types of memory have completely different purposes, they also work differently, even the decoding is different. RAM is dynamic memory that requires a certain amount of electricity, and if the power goes out, all the data stored inside is lost. An electrical connection is also required to write and read data on the hard drives and flash drives. However, storing information on remote-type devices does not require electricity.

How does RAM work?

Decryption to some extent allows us to understand the principle of operation of this element of the system. The random access memory must instantly store a set of data and provide access to it when needed.

RAM is complex set microcircuits and modules. To give an analogy, its structure resembles a honeycomb of bees. That is, computer memory consists of cells that are designed to store data (one or four bits). Each of them is endowed with a specific address, consisting of two components - the address of a vertical column and a horizontal row (Column and Row, respectively).

Memory performance is closely related to functionality central processor and all devices that are connected to the computer as peripherals. The latter “trust” their information to RAM, therefore, the data first goes into RAM (with hard drive or external media), and only then they are processed by the central processor.

Communication between memory and processor is carried out directly. Although sometimes there is interference with the cache memory, which is a temporary storage of frequently accessed information. Thanks to its presence, the time for delivering information to the processor registers is significantly reduced.

Control

The RAM is controlled by a special controller, which is installed in the chipset of the system board (motherboard). In particular, North Bridge connects the processor to a high-performance RAM bus.

So, the principle of operation of the entire system with the participation of RAM is as follows: when you turn on the computer, drivers and other operating system programs are written from the hard drive to RAM. Programs launched by the user also go there. The recorded data is then transferred to the processor, processed and sent back. All computer work is built in this way.

The system operates until normal operation The number of RAM cells is sufficient. If there are none left, the role of RAM takes over hard memory disk (swap file). Given the lower speed of the drive, its use significantly reduces the speed systematic work, however, this is no longer relevant to this topic.

Finally

So, we looked at what it is - RAM, how it works and, in general, what is the role of this component in the system. Finally, it is worth noting that this module is constantly being improved, its operating scheme may change with the release of new types of RAM, but the principle is always the same. Perhaps everything looks logical and understandable. This information is even shared in educational institutions in computer science. Decoding RAM in the context of study computer technology Now no one will have any questions.

Publication date:

25.06.2009

As you know, RAM contributes a large component to the performance of a computer. And it is clear that users are trying to increase the amount of RAM to the maximum.
If 2-3 years ago there were literally several types of memory modules on the market, now there are much more of them. And it became more difficult to understand them.

In this article we will look at various designations in the marking of memory modules so that it is easier for you to navigate them.

First, let's introduce a number of terms that we will need to understand the article:

• strip ("die") - memory module, printed circuit board with memory chips on board, installed in a memory slot;
• one-sided strip - a memory strip in which the memory chips are located on 1 side of the module.
• double-sided stick - a memory stick in which memory chips are located on both sides of the module.
• RAM (Random Access Memory, RAM) - random access memory, in other words - random access memory. This is a volatile memory whose contents are lost when power is lost.
• SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) - synchronous dynamic random access memory: all modern modules memory devices have just such a device, that is, they require constant synchronization and updating of content.

Consider the markings

• 4096Mb (2x2048Mb) DIMM DDR2 PC2-8500 Corsair XMS2 C5 BOX
• 1024Mb SO-DIMM DDR2 PC6400 OCZ OCZ2M8001G (5-5-5-15) Retail

Volume

The first designation in the line is the size of the memory modules. In particular, in the first case it is 4 GB, and in the second it is 1 GB. True, 4 GB in in this case implemented not by one memory stick, but by two. This is the so-called Kit of 2 - a set of two planks. Typically, such kits are purchased to install strips in two-channel mode into parallel slots. The fact that they have the same parameters will improve their compatibility, which has a beneficial effect on stability.

Type of shell

DIMM/SO-DIMM is a type of memory stick housing. All modern memory modules are available in one of the two specified designs.
DIMM(Dual In-line Memory Module) - a module in which the contacts are arranged in a row on both sides of the module.
Memory DDR type SDRAM is available in the form of 184-pin DIMM modules, and 240-pin strips are available for DDR2 SDRAM memory.

Laptops use smaller memory modules called SO-DIMM(Small Outline DIMM).

Memory type

Memory type is the architecture by which the memory chips themselves are organized. It affects all technical characteristics of memory - performance, frequency, supply voltage, etc.

On this moment 3 types of memory are used: DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM. Of these, DDR3 is the most productive and consumes the least energy.

Data transfer frequencies for memory types:

• DDR: 200-400 MHz
• DDR2: 533-1200 MHz
• DDR3: 800-2400 MHz

The number indicated after the memory type is frequency: DDR400, DDR2-800.

Memory modules of all types differ in supply voltage and connectors and cannot be inserted into each other.

The data transfer frequency characterizes the potential of the memory bus to transfer data per unit time: the higher the frequency, the more data can be transferred.

However, there are other factors, such as the number of memory channels and memory bus width. They also affect the performance of memory subsystems.

For a comprehensive assessment of RAM capabilities, the term is used throughput memory. It takes into account the frequency at which data is transmitted, the bus width and the number of memory channels.

Bandwidth (B) = Frequency (f) x memory bus width (c) x number of channels (k)

For example, using DDR400 400 MHz memory and a dual-channel memory controller, the bandwidth will be:
(400 MHz x 64 bit x 2)/ 8 bit = 6400 MB/s

We divided by 8 to convert Mbit/s to MB/s (there are 8 bits in 1 byte).

Memory module speed standard

To make it easier to understand the speed of the module, the designation also indicates the memory bandwidth standard. It just shows what bandwidth the module has.

All of these standards begin with the letters PC and are followed by numbers indicating memory bandwidth in MB per second.

Module name	Bus frequency	Chip type
PC2-3200	200 MHz	DDR2-400	3200 MB/s or 3.2 GB/s
PC2-4200	266 MHz	DDR2-533	4200 MB/s or 4.2 GB/s
PC2-5300	333 MHz	DDR2-667	5300 MB/s or 5.3 GB/s 1
PC2-5400	337 MHz	DDR2-675	5400 MB/s or 5.4 GB/s
PC2-5600	350 MHz	DDR2-700	5600 MB/s or 5.6 GB/s
PC2-5700	355 MHz	DDR2-711	5700 MB/s or 5.7 GB/s
PC2-6000	375 MHz	DDR2-750	6000 MB/s or 6.0 GB/s
PC2-6400	400 MHz	DDR2-800	6400 MB/s or 6.4 GB/s
PC2-7100	444 MHz	DDR2-888	7100 MB/s or 7.1 GB/s
PC2-7200	450 MHz	DDR2-900	7200 MB/s or 7.2 GB/s
PC2-8000	500 MHz	DDR2-1000	8000 MB/s or 8.0 GB/s
PC2-8500	533 MHz	DDR2-1066	8500 MB/s or 8.5 GB/s
PC2-9200	575 MHz	DDR2-1150	9200 MB/s or 9.2 GB/s
PC2-9600	600 MHz	DDR2-1200	9600 MB/s or 9.6 GB/s

Memory type	Memory frequency	Cycle time	Bus frequency	Data transfers per second	Standard name	Peak Data Rate
DDR3-800	100 MHz	10.00 ns	400 MHz	800 million	PC3-6400	6400 MB/s
DDR3-1066	133 MHz	7.50 ns	533 MHz	1066 million	PC3-8500	8533 MB/s
DDR3-1333	166 MHz	6.00 ns	667 MHz	1333 million	PC3-10600	10667 MB/s
DDR3-1600	200 MHz	5.00 ns	800 MHz	1600 million	PC3-12800	12800 MB/s
DDR3-1800	225 MHz	4.44 ns	900 MHz	1800 million	PC3-14400	14400 MB/s
DDR3-2000	250 MHz	4.00 ns	1000 MHz	2000 million	PC3-16000	16000 MB/s
DDR3-2133	266 MHz	3.75 ns	1066 MHz	2133 million	PC3-17000	17066 MB/s
DDR3-2400	300 MHz	3.33 ns	1200 MHz	2400 million	PC3-19200	19200 MB/s

The tables indicate exactly the peak values; in practice they may be unattainable.

Manufacturer and its part number

Each manufacturer gives each of its products or parts its internal production marking, called P/N (part number).

For memory modules different manufacturers it looks something like this:

• Kingston KVR800D2N6/1G
• OCZ OCZ2M8001G
• Corsair XMS2 CM2X1024-6400C5

On the website of many memory manufacturers you can study how their Part Number is read.
Modules Kingston ValueRAM family:

Kingston HyperX family modules (with optional passive cooling for overclocking):

From the OCZ marking you can understand that this is a 1 GB DDR2 module with a frequency of 800 MHz.

By labeling CM2X1024-6400C5 It is clear that this is a 1024 MB DDR2 module of the PC2-6400 standard and CL=5 delays.

Some manufacturers indicate the time in ns of access to the memory chip instead of the frequency or memory standard. From this time you can understand what frequency is used.
This is what Micron does: MT47H128M16HG-3. The number at the end indicates that the access time is 3 ns (0.003 ms).

According to the well-known forum T=1/f frequency of the chip f=1/T: 1/0.003 = 333 MHz.
The data transmission frequency is 2 times higher - 667 MHz.
Accordingly, this module is DDR2-667.

Timings

Timings are delays when accessing memory chips. Naturally, the smaller they are, the faster the module works.

The fact is that the memory chips on the module have a matrix structure - they are presented in the form of matrix cells with a row number and a column number.
When accessing a memory cell, the entire line in which the desired cell is located is read.

First there is a choice the desired line, then the desired column. At the intersection of the row and column number the desired cell is located. Taking into account the huge volume of modern RAM, such memory matrices are not integral - for more quick access to memory cells they are divided into pages and banks.
First, the memory bank is accessed, the page in it is activated, then work takes place within current page: Select row and column.
All these actions occur with a definitely delay relative to each other.

Basic RAM timings are the delay between supplying the row number and column number, called time full access (RAS to CAS delay, RCD), the delay between supplying the column number and receiving the contents of the cell, called duty cycle time ( CAS latency, CL), delay between reading the last cell and submitting the number new line (RAS precharge, RP). Timings are measured in nanoseconds (ns).

These timings follow each other in the order of operations and are also indicated schematically 5-5-5-15 . In this case, all three timings are 5 ns, and the total duty cycle is 15 ns from the moment the line is activated.

The main timing is considered CAS latency, which is often abbreviated CL=5. It is he who “slows down” memory to the greatest extent.

Based on this information, you can wisely select the appropriate memory module.

RAM capacity

Next, let's take a closer look at the following important characteristic RAM – its volume. First of all, it should be noted that it most directly affects the amount of simultaneous running programs, processes and applications and on them uninterrupted operation. Today, the most popular modules are sticks with a capacity of 4 GB and 8 GB (we are talking about the DDR3 standard).

Based on what operating system is installed, as well as for what purposes the computer is used, you should choose and select the right amount of RAM. In most cases, if the computer is used to access world wide web and for working with various applications, and Windows XP is installed, then 2 GB is quite enough.

For those who like to try out a recently released game and people who work with graphics, you should install at least 4 GB. And if you plan to install Windows 7, you will need even more.

The most in a simple way To find out how much memory your system needs is to launch the Task Manager (by pressing the keyboard combination ctrl+alt+del) and launch the most resource-consuming program or application. After this, you need to analyze the information in the “Memory Allocation” - “Peak” group.

In this way, you can determine the maximum allocated volume and find out to what volume it needs to be increased so that our highest indicator fits in RAM. This will give you maximum system performance. There will be no need to increase further.

Selecting RAM

Now let's move on to the question of choosing the RAM that is most suitable for you. From the very beginning, you should determine exactly the type of RAM that your computer's motherboard supports. For modules different types There are different connectors accordingly. Therefore, to avoid damage to the motherboard or the modules themselves, the modules themselves have different sizes.

About optimal volumes RAM was mentioned above. When choosing RAM, you should focus on its bandwidth. For system performance, the most optimal option is when the module throughput matches the same characteristics of the processor.

That is, if the computer has a processor with a 1333 MHz bus, the bandwidth of which is 10600 MB/s, then to ensure the most favorable conditions for performance, you can install 2 sticks, the bandwidth of which is 5300 MB/s, and which in total will give us 10600 Mb/s

However, it should be remembered that for this mode of operation, the RAM modules must be identical in both volume and frequency. In addition, they must be manufactured by the same manufacturer. Here short list well-proven manufacturers: Samsung, OCZ, Transcend, Kingston, Corsair, Patriot.

Finally, it is worth summarizing the main points:

• Based on the definition: random access memory or RAM is component computer, necessary for temporary storage of data, which in turn is necessary for the processor to operate.
• After completing any operations (closing programs, applications), all associated data is deleted from the chip. And when new tasks are launched, the data that the processor needs at a given time is loaded into it from the hard drive.
• The speed of access to data located in RAM is several hundred times higher than the speed of access to information located on the hard drive. This allows the processor to use necessary information, gaining instant access to it.
• Today, the most common 2 types are: DDR3 (with a frequency from 800 to 2400 MHz) and DDR4 (from 2133 to 4266 MHz). The higher the frequency, the faster the system operates.

If you have difficulty choosing RAM, if you cannot determine what type of RAM your motherboard supports and what volume will best suit your needs, then you can always contact the service website. We are this computer help at home in Moscow and the Moscow region. Our specialists will help with selection, replacement and installation in a computer or laptop.

Instructions

If possible, look at the markings printed directly on the module, or read the documentation included with the RAM. If you do not want to open the system unit and the documents are lost, use the capabilities of your system.

On the desktop or Start menu, click right click mouse over the “My Computer” icon. IN context menu select "Properties". A new System Properties dialog box will open. Go to the “General” tab and find the “System” group. The amount of RAM is referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory).

You can also access the “System” component in another way: click the “Start” button or Windows key, open “Control Panel” and select the “System” icon in the “Performance and Maintenance” category by left-clicking on it.

The amount of memory can also be viewed through the task manager. Right-click on the taskbar and select “Task Manager” from the drop-down menu or press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl keys, Alt and Del. In the window that opens, go to the “Performance” tab and read the information.

Another option: call the “Run” command through the “Start” menu or open the command line (“All Programs” - “Accessories” - “ Command line") and enter systeminfo without any extra characters. Press Enter and wait for the information collection to complete. Read the information you need in the appropriate line.

In the “Start” menu, expand all programs, in the “Standard” folder, select the “System” subfolder and click on the “System Information” icon. A new window will open, select the first item in it with the left mouse button. Memory information is located towards the end of the data list.

From your desktop, click function key F1. The Help and Support Center window opens. In the search box, enter “RAM” without quotes. In the list generated by request, select the section “Get information about computer" and the task "Show general information about the system." After collecting information, look for the information you need in the “Memory (RAM)” section.

Sources:

• how to find information about your computer

Instructions

It is here, in the lower right corner, that you will see not only the type of your memory, but also the size of your RAM. RAM will be designated as "RAM", Random Access Memory. Random access memory, or “RAM”, is measured in gigabytes. So, for example, if your RAM value is shown as “1.49GB of RAM,” this will mean that you have “one and a half gigs of RAM” or one and a half gigabytes of RAM.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• how to see what RAM I have in 2018

Administrators and employees service center When accepting a computer for repair, they often ask the same question - whether the user has saved his personal data. But how to do this if you are new to using a computer and don’t know where to look for them? Exist certain places, in which the operating system stores user data by default.

You will need

• - administrator rights.

Instructions

Open My Computer or any file manager you like. Go to drive “C:”. Search on it Users folder or “Users” if your operating system is Russified. Go to this folder. Find the folder that matches your name or the name of your account. All files located in it relate to your work on computer- data from installed programs, documents, photographs, music and movies.

You can find your drawings in the “Images” folder, your documents in the “My Documents” folder, -files in the “My Videos” folder, and so on. Save files are stored in the "Save Games" folder - copy them if you plan to continue playing this game from the same place.

Pay attention to the “Desktop” folder. It contains everything that “lies” on your desktop. That is, shortcuts, folders, and separate files. Not on the desktop. Your personal information may also be stored in installed programs folders in the directory Program Files, as well as in folders on drive C and other partitions. It is recommended to save copies of important documents on external media or optical disk.

As a rule, for proper storage data on personal computer you need to create separate directories on your hard drive and folders so that all information matches the folder name. Additionally, store all important data on portable media so that in the event of system failures or your computer becoming infected with viruses, you can restore everything without any problems. Also, do not forget that computer license must be installed software.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• how to find its data on a computer in 2019

Operational memory A computer is determined by the capacity of its random access memory (RAM). The amount of RAM of a personal computer determines its performance and the speed of processing incoming and outgoing information.

You will need

• Basic computer skills.

Instructions

In the menu that appears, find the line “Control Panel” and click on it once with the left mouse button.

In the “Control Panel” window that opens, find the “System” line and launch it by double-clicking on it with the left mouse button. The "System Properties" window will appear in front of you.

In the window that opens, open the “General” tab by left-clicking on it once.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

On most modern computers It is possible to increase the amount of RAM to the maximum allowed value. Increasing the amount of RAM is realized by connecting additional fees RAM, which are sold in any computer store.

Operational memory- This is space for temporary storage of data on chips, which is used by the computer to launch the operating system and run programs. RAM determines the speed of the computer, which is measured in MB (Megabytes) or GB (Gigabytes), the higher this indicator, the faster Windows runs and installed programs.

Instructions

Video on the topic

Sources:

• How to find out what RAM is installed in your computer

Users usually lack system resources to perform work in applications. However, there are also opposite situations - for work, for example, in old Windows versions or testing programs under conditions of limited system resources, it may be necessary to reduce the amount of RAM.

You will need

• - screwdriver or screwdriver;
• - emulator program.

Instructions

Disconnect the computer from the power source. Using a screwdriver or screwdriver, unscrew the bolts from the cover system unit. Open the case and read the contents.

Find RAM. Usually the boards are thin long strips about 1.5-2 cm wide and about 10 long. If there is more than one strip, then unfasten all those that provide excess resources to perform the tasks you need. To do this, unfasten the fastenings on the sides and simply remove the memory from the slot motherboard.

Close the computer lid and secure it in position with screws. Turn on your computer. When the operating system boots, notice whether the speed has changed.

Open My Computer. In the area free of icons, right-click and select Properties. You will have various information about the system resources of the computer and operating system, look at how much the value of RAM has decreased. Close the windows.

Launch a program that was prevented from opening due to insufficient system resources. If it does not open, right-click on its shortcut, select “Properties”, check the box for compatibility mode with previous versions of the Windows operating system. At the same time, try to choose one that matches the release and relevance of your application.

If the previous steps do not help, use an emulator program previous versions operating system. After installation, at the first start, set everything required parameters and try running the application in emulator mode. If the program does not start, make sure that its copy is working, for example, try opening it on a computer with lower power levels.

Video on the topic

note

Try not to lose small fasteners when opening the computer case.

Helpful advice

Please read the terms and conditions before opening your computer. license agreement.

RAM significantly affects the performance of the computer, and sometimes it becomes necessary to install additional module memory or replace one that has stopped working. You can completely cope with this yourself and do not contact specialists.

Instructions

In order to install RAM in a computer, you should first select the memory that matches your motherboard, if you have a system unit, or technical specifications models if you have a laptop. After you have purchased the RAM stick you need, you can begin installation.

To install memory in the system unit, proceed as follows:
1. Disconnect all wires ( , mouse, the local network, speakers, power cord, etc.), and remove the left side cover of the system unit. To remove the cover, you will need to unscrew a few screws or loosen the latches.

2. Opening the left side cover will give you access to the contents of your . On the motherboard, find the RAM modules that match the ones you have and add a new memory stick, or replace the old one with a new one. As a rule, there are several on the motherboard where memory can be used, however, if one of the old modules fails, under no circumstances leave it on the board - the computer will not work!

3.Reassemble everything in reverse order and start the computer.

RAM is one of the main criteria for the normal performance and speed of a computer. It must be correctly matched to the PC processor. Otherwise, the system will not work properly full power. If you want to increase the size of RAM, you should first check the existing one.

For computers with a 32-bit operating system installed Windows system, exists additional method checking the amount of RAM if, in your opinion, it is more than 4 GB. This is due to the fact that such operating systems cannot display information correctly, and also do not use more than the specified size (this is a feature of their internal device).

Download from the Internet and install on HDD free application AIDA64 Extreme Edition. It is with its help that you can see full information about RAM modules. Launch the program. After the utility window appears, in the right part of it, left-click on the “Computer” section, and then select the “ general information" In the new tab you will see the item “ Motherboard" Click on it. In the program, the value next to the inscription “ System memory» shows the size of RAM in section

Before improving the performance of your components, you need to know that by overclocking the processor, the user also overclocks the computer's RAM. It is advisable to overclock RAM through the BIOS, and not operating system, since in this case there will be much less hassle. In addition, before starting this procedure, it is advisable to read the instructions for the motherboard that is installed on personal computer. Last but not least, failure to follow instructions can lead to disappointing consequences.

BIOS update

First, the user should update the BIOS. Download and install new version BIOS can be found on a special website. The user can do otherwise and remove the battery from the motherboard for a few minutes, or use a special jumper, which is also located on the motherboard. It should be noted that this is done exclusively when the computer is turned off.

Overclocking RAM

When the BIOS is updated, you will need to open it using the Del button, which should be pressed before loading the operating system. In the window that appears, find the Advanced BIOS Features tab (Advanced or Power BIOS Features, depending on the motherboard used and BIOS version). In this tab, disable all Speed ​​Spectrum parameters, that is, change the value to Disabled and use the F10 button to save the changes.

After the reboot, you need to go into this environment again, go to the Advanced item and find the DRAM Configuration item, and then go to the MemClock tab. The value should be reduced, for example, if the standard frequency is 667 MHz, then you will need to set it to approximately 533 MHz. You can find out at what frequency the memory operates using Everest programs. The changes are saved and the computer restarts.

Then again you need to go into the BIOS and find the HyperTransport Frequency item, and change its value from “AUTO” to x4 or x3. After restarting the BIOS, you will need to find the MB Intelligent Tweaker option. Here you need to go to the PCI-E Clock tab and set the frequency to 101 Mhz. Next, in the CPU Voltage Control item, set the voltage value to the standard one, which should be supplied to the processor by default. You can find out about this in the special documentation for the processor.

Next you need to open the CPU Clock Ratio menu and set the values ​​to x9-11, and in the CPU Frequency or CPU Clock/Speed ​​item you need to set the frequency. To do this, the nominal processor frequency must be divided by the multiplier that you set, and then you can find out how much to set the FSB bus (CPU Frequency). The acceleration begins right here. You need to do this little by little. You need to raise the FSB bus, the CPU Frequency (MHz) item from 10 to 15, from 15 to 20, etc.

After each change of this value, it is advisable to go to the operating system to work and check its performance. As a result, the system itself and the software installed on the computer should work faster.