Who invented the telephone summary. When was the telephone invented? Significance of the invention of the telephone
Mobile communications, which operate around the world today, are traditionally considered a relatively new invention. However, the first concepts for organizing mobile communications infrastructure appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. It is difficult to answer the question in which country the first mobile phones appeared and when. But if you try to do this, what facts about the development of telephone communications using radio equipment should be studied first of all? Based on what criteria should certain devices be classified as mobile phones?
History of mobile phones: basic facts
We can answer the question of who invented the first mobile phone in the world, first of all, by familiarizing ourselves with the history of the creation of the corresponding communication devices.
Concepts and prototypes of communication devices, functionally similar to mobile phones, began to be discussed in various communities (scientific, engineering) at the beginning of the 20th century. But the cell phone itself, as a subscriber means of communication, was proposed to be developed in the late 70s by Bell Laboratories, which belonged to one of the largest American corporations - AT&T. Finland was among the first countries to successfully implement commercial mobile communication systems. Mobile communication systems were actively developing in the USSR.
But which state is ahead of the rest in terms of introducing mobile phones?
It will be useful to dwell in more detail on Soviet inventions - familiarizing yourself with the facts about them will help us understand when the first mobile phone appeared in the world and in which country.
During the Great Patriotic War, the idea of creating a special device, a monophone, was proposed by the Soviet scientist Georgy Ilyich Babat. This device was supposed to be a portable telephone operating in automatic mode. It was assumed that it would operate in the 1-2 GHz range. The fundamental feature of the apparatus proposed by G.I. Babat, was to ensure voice transmission through an extensive network of special waveguides.
In 1946, G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko proposed organizing a radiotelephone communication system, within which devices for receiving and transmitting voice were to be placed in cars. In accordance with this concept, the basis of the mobile communications infrastructure was to be existing city stations, supplemented by special radio equipment. Special call signs were supposed to be used as subscriber identifiers.
In April 1957, Soviet engineer Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich created a prototype of a communication device - the LK-1 radiotelephone. This device had a range of about 30 km and had a significant weight - about 3 kg. It could provide communications through interaction with a special automatic telephone exchange, which could connect to city telephone lines. Subsequently, the phone was improved. Is not it. Kupriyanovich significantly reduced the weight and dimensions of the device. In the updated version, the size of the device was approximately equal to the size of 2 cigarette boxes stacked on top of each other. The weight of the radiotelephone was about 500 grams including the battery. It was hoped that the Soviet mobile phone would find wide application in the national economy, in everyday life and would become an item for personal use by citizens.
Radiotelephone L.I. Kupriyanovich allowed not only to make calls, but also to receive them - subject to the assignment of a personal number, as well as the use of infrastructure that allows transmitting signals from the automatic telephone exchange to automatic telephone radio stations, and from them to subscriber devices.
Research in the field of mobile communications was also carried out in other socialist countries. For example, in 1959, the Bulgarian scientist Hristo Bachvarov developed a mobile device, similar in basic principle to L.I.’s telephone. Kupriyanovich, and patented it.
Is it possible to say that the world's first mobile phone was thus invented in the USSR or in other socialist countries?
Criteria for classifying devices as mobile phones
First of all, it is worth deciding what is actually considered a mobile phone. According to a common definition, a device should be considered as such:
Compact (a person can carry it with them);
Works using radio communication channels;
Allows one subscriber to call another using a unique number;
Integrated in some way with wired telephone networks;
Publicly available (the ability to connect does not require permission from certain competent authorities and is limited by the financial and infrastructural resources of subscribers).
From this point of view, a full-fledged mobile phone has not yet been invented. But, of course, the above criteria for determining a mobile phone cannot be considered universal. And if we remove from them, in particular, accessibility and compactness, then the Soviet Altai system may well correspond to the rest. Let's take a closer look at its features.
Soviet experience in the development of mobile communications: the Altai system
When studying the question of what was the very first mobile phone in the world, it is useful to familiarize yourself with the basic facts about the corresponding communication system. The devices connected to it had, in principle, all the features of a mobile phone, except for being accessible to the public. This system thus:
Allowed some subscribers to call others by numbers;
It was in a certain way integrated with city networks.
But it was not publicly available: lists of subscribers were approved at the departmental level. The Altai system was launched in the 60s in Moscow, and in the 70s it was deployed in more than 100 cities of the USSR. Actively used during the 1980 Olympics.
There were plans in the USSR to create a mobile communication system to which everyone could connect. But due to the economic and political difficulties of the mid-to-late 80s, work on the development of this concept was curtailed.
Western cellular standards were introduced in post-Soviet Russia. By that time, they had already been providing communications between devices for quite some time, which could be called full-fledged mobile phones. Let's study how the corresponding standards developed in the West. This, again, will help us answer the question of where and when the world's first mobile phone appeared.
History of mobile communications in the United States
As we noted at the beginning of the article, prototypes of mobile phones in the West began to appear at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 30s and 40s, real developments began to be implemented. In 1933, communications could be made between NYPD vehicles using half-duplex radio transmitters. In 1946, a mobile network was deployed in which private subscribers could communicate with each other using radio equipment through the mediation of an operator. In 1948, an infrastructure was launched that allowed one subscriber to call another automatically.
Can we say that it was in the USA that the world's first mobile phone was invented? If we consider the above criteria for classifying a radiotelephone as a device of the appropriate type - yes, we can say so, but in relation to later American developments. The fact is that the principles of its functioning of American cellular networks of the 40s were very far from those that characterize modern
Systems like those deployed in Missouri and Indiana in the 1940s had significant frequency and channel limitations. This did not allow connecting a sufficiently large number of subscribers to mobile networks at the same time. A solution to this problem was proposed by Bell specialist D. Ring, who proposed dividing the radio signal distribution area into cells or cells, which would be formed by special base stations operating at different frequencies. This principle is generally implemented by modern cellular operators. The implementation of D. Ring's concept in practice was carried out in 1969.
History of mobile communications in Europe and Japan
In Western Europe, the first telephone communication systems using radio equipment were tested in 1951. In the 60s, work in this direction was actively carried out in Japan. It is noteworthy that it was Japanese developers who established that the optimal frequency for deploying mobile communications infrastructure is 400 and 900 MHz. Today, these frequencies are among the main ones used by cellular operators.
Finland has become one of the leading countries in terms of introducing developments in the field of organizing the functioning of full-fledged cellular networks. In 1971, the Finns began to deploy a commercial cellular network, the coverage area of which by 1978 had reached the size of the entire country. Does this mean that the very first mobile phone in the world, functioning according to modern principles, appeared in Finland? There are certain arguments in favor of this thesis: in particular, it has been established that Finnish telecommunications corporations have deployed the corresponding infrastructure nationwide. But in accordance with the traditional point of view, such a device nevertheless appeared in the United States. The main role in this, again, if we consider the popular version, was played by Motorola.
Motorola Cellular Concepts
In the early 70s, very fierce competition developed in the United States between service and equipment providers in a promising market segment - in the field of cellular communications. The main competitors here were AT&T and Motorola. At the same time, the first company focused on the deployment of automotive communication systems - by the way, like telecommunications corporations in Finland, the second - on the introduction of compact devices that any subscriber could carry with them.
The second concept won, and on its basis, Motorola Corporation began the deployment of, in fact, a full-fledged cellular network in the modern sense using compact devices. The world's first mobile phone within the Motorola infrastructure, again, in accordance with the traditional approach, was used as a subscriber device in 1973. Ten years later, a full-fledged commercial network was launched in the United States, to which ordinary Americans could connect.
Let's consider what the world's first mobile phone was, invented, according to the popular point of view, by engineers of the American company Motorola.
First cell phone: characteristics
We are talking about the Motorola DynaTAC device. He weighed about 1.15 kg. Its size was 22.5 x 12.5 x 3.75 cm. It had numeric keys for dialing a number, as well as two special buttons for sending a call, as well as ending a call. The device had a battery, thanks to which it could function in call standby mode for about 8 hours, and in talk mode for about 1 hour. It took more than 10 hours to charge the battery of the first cell phone.
What does the world's first mobile phone look like? Photo of the device is below.
Subsequently, Motorola released a number of modernized versions of the device. If we talk about Motorola's commercial network, the first mobile phone in the world was made for the corresponding infrastructure in 1983.
We are talking about the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X device. This device weighed about 800 grams, its dimensions were comparable to the first version of the device. It is noteworthy that 30 subscriber numbers could be stored in its memory.
Who invented the first mobile phone?
So, let's try to answer our main question - who invented the world's first mobile phone. The history of the development of telephone communications using radio equipment suggests that the very first device that fully met the criteria for being classified as a mobile phone, which is still relevant today, was invented by Motorola in the USA and shown to the world in 1973.
However, it would be incorrect to say that this corporation has introduced a fundamentally new development. Mobile phones - in the sense that they were radio equipment and provided communication between subscribers using a unique number - were by that time used in the USSR, Europe, and Japan. If we talk about when the world's first mobile phone was commercialized, the company that developed it launched the corresponding business in 1983, later than, in particular, similar projects were introduced in Finland.
Thus, the Motorola corporation can rightfully be considered the first to offer a mobile phone in the modern sense - in particular, one that operates on the principle of distributing base stations among cells, and also has a compact format. Thus, if we talk about where exactly the world’s first mobile phone was invented, in which country - as a portable, compact device that is part of the cellular communications infrastructure, then it would be legitimate to determine that this state was the United States.
At the same time, it is worth noting that the Soviet Altai system functioned quite successfully even without the introduction of American-style technologies. Thus, engineers from the USSR fundamentally proved the possibility of deploying mobile communications infrastructure on a national scale, without using the principles of distributing base stations among cells.
It is possible that without the economic and political problems of the 80s, the USSR would have introduced its own mobile networks, operating on the basis of concepts alternative to the American ones, and they would have worked no worse. However, it is a fact that today Russia uses cellular communication standards developed in the Western world, which proposed and commercialized the first mobile phones.
It is worth noting that the Altai system actually worked until 2011. Thus, Soviet engineering developments remained relevant for a long time, and this may indicate that, perhaps, with the necessary refinement, they could compete with foreign concepts for building a cellular communications infrastructure.
Summary
So, who invented the world's first mobile phone? It is difficult to answer this question briefly. If by mobile phone we mean a compact subscriber radio equipment integrated with city networks, operating on a cellular principle and available to everyone, then this infrastructure was probably first introduced by the American company Motorola.
If we talk about the first commercial cellular networks - then these were probably implemented on a national scale in Finland, but with the use of devices aimed at placement in cars. Non-commercial closed mobile networks were also successfully deployed, in fact, on a national scale, in the USSR.
Modern people cannot imagine life without a telephone, although relatively recently it did not exist. The very first sample, similar to its current mobile “brothers,” could transmit sound, had a tiny black and white screen and not a single hint of future greatness and functionality.
The invention of the telephone, which is the direct ancestor of today's smartphones, is shared between Antonio Meucci and Alexander Bell.
It is not known for certain which of them was the first to guess about this, but both applied for patents. And, although Bell's application was created 5 years later than Meucci's, Alexander Graham Bell is considered the official founding father of telephone communications.
The first telephone and telegraph (history of invention)
The inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph is Pavel Shilling, a Russian scientist. He publicly demonstrated the discovery that made it possible to transmit information remotely in October 1832.
The idea was supported, and a year later the telegraph, built by Wilhelm Weber and Karl Gauss, appeared in Germany. Cook Wheatstone, a native of England, created an amazing apparatus based on Schilling’s drawings in 1837, and in 1840 a similar invention was patented by US resident Samuel Morse.
Telephone
Italian Antonio Meucci, living in England, went further and created a device that transmits sounds through wires. The 1871 patent application proudly declared “Telephone.”
Invented: “talking telegraph”
Alexander Bell patented the "talking telegraph" in 1876. His device transmitted sounds “live” with almost no delay, allowing human speech to be recognized. The device was presented to the public at the World Electrotechnical Exhibition of 1876, which was held in Philadelphia.
Who called the telephone a telephone?
Charles Bourcel spoke about the principle of operation of the telegraph in his dissertation back in 1854, but limited himself to theory. Nevertheless, Boursel distinguished himself and took his place in history by using the word “telephone”.
Who invented the first cellular (mobile) telephone?
The first cellular device is the DynaTAC 8000X model, created by Motorola. It entered the market in 1983 and was so popular that, even at the then fabulous price of $3,995, it sold out like pies.
The DinaTAK device held a full battery charge for about 60 minutes, could store 30 numbers, and did not have a display or other functions other than a call. It weighed almost a kilogram, had an inconspicuous design and 12 keys.
You could only talk on it for 30 minutes, after which you had to put it on charge, which took 10 hours.
Satellite phone No. 1
The Mobira Cityman 900, introduced in 1987 by Nokia, was the first satellite phone. It was he who was used by Mikhail Gorbachev to call Moscow while in Helsinki, which was captured by the paparazzi.
The entire elite wanted to purchase a “pipe” with an antenna, which weighed about 800 grams, despite the cost. If we recalculate today's exchange rates, the purchase cost people $6,700 or 202,500 rubles.
First inventor of the video camera phone
The first phone with a video camera was the Japanese Sharp J-SH04, released in 2000. At that time, a resolution of 0.1 megapixels seemed like an impossible miracle that allowed you to create your own videos.
Who invented the touch phone and when?
The creator of the touch phone is considered to be the computer development company IBM. The new product was presented to the general public in 1998, although its development took 5 years.
The 2007 LG KE850 Prada model was the first where the sensor worked not with a stylus, but with a finger. It also featured a bright design and wide functionality.
Who first invented the Smartphone?
The first smartphone appeared in the mobile industry in 1996 and was called Nokia 9000 Communicator. It weighed almost 400 grams, had a monochrome display, 8 MB of memory and a QWERTY keyboard.
But the term itself was introduced by Ericsson when it introduced the Ericsson R380s model to the world in 2000. In addition to its versatility, this smartphone was small in size and weighed only 160 grams. Its feature was a hinged cover (flip) covering the touch screen.
Invention of the Android phone
Android was developed by Android Inc., which was later acquired by Google. The world's first Android phone was launched in September 2008. It was called T-Mobile G1 or HTC Dream.
In the vastness of Russia, the first such smartphone was the Highscreen PP5420, produced in 2009. After the release of the third version of Android in February 2011, tablets based on this base began to appear.
Who invented the iPhone?
The popular iPhone series of smartphones was invented by Apple Corporation. Steve Jobs announced it in January 2007 at a thematic conference, and the first model went on sale 4 months later.
The "name" of the series means the word "phone" with the prefix of the letter i, which is an abbreviation for the word Internet.
- inspire (inspiration),
- instruct (training),
- inform (knowledge),
- individual (personality).
Updated iPhones appear every year. The last one was released in the spring of 2016. It is called iPhone SE, popularly called “iPhone 7”, because the previous one was called iPhone 6 Plus, but in fact this is model number 9.
Wikipedia about telephone inventions
Wikipedia talks a lot about telephone inventions. In it you can find events preceding the appearance of the telegraph, associated with the discoveries of famous physicists. It allows you to get acquainted with the complete history of the origin and development of an apparatus that has become important for modern society.
But the information about the first phones presented on Wikipedia is quite scarce. Camera phones, for example, are mentioned in passing. However, modern models, their functionality, design and manufacturers are described in detail.
The telephone has come a long way from a telegraph, transmitting information over wires over short distances, to a smartphone, which contains almost all the world's knowledge, working thanks to a built-in satellite dish. Development continues. Perhaps in the near future the phone will become even more powerful and functional, and will also take on a new look.
We have long been accustomed to our smartphones. We use them every day and don’t think about how we would live without them and how our lives were influenced by the invention of the telephone and the history of its creation, which we will briefly discuss.
Modern devices, in addition to their direct functions, also perform a huge number of operations. A smartphone is a compact multifunctional device that we cannot live without. Using mobile phones every day, hardly anyone thinks about their distant “ancestors”. But the device we are used to has quite an ancient history. Let's study the main stages of the evolution of telephones and human communication with other people at a distance.
General information about the device
Before delving into history, let's understand the basic features: what a telephone and telephone communication are, and also why we need these devices.
Any telephone device is a mechanism by which speech is transmitted over a distance. Now this device fits in the palm of your hand or pocket, but since childhood we remember other options - landline or radiotelephones. They were quite bulky and therefore impractical. Such devices are still used, but less and less often.
And payphones have already become exclusively a tourist attraction where they still stand on the city streets. 
The ability to contact one telephone with another is provided by telephone communication - this is the transmission of voice information remotely, which is carried out through electrical signals transmitted through wires or radio signals. Telephone users are called subscribers. You can distinguish between city, intercity and international connections.
Wireless is noted as a separate type. There is a difference between satellite and mobile. In the first type, contact is made directly through a communications satellite. Mobile communications provide connections through cell towers. This definition is explained by the fact that they operate on the principle of an antenna and provide a certain area with communications. They call it the hundredth.
The main purpose of telephone communication is to transmit information. Previously, we used only oral speech. Now we can exchange text messages. Send videos and images via messengers. We can also make video calls and see the subscriber “on the other end of the line.”
Ancient ways to “call”
Man is a very inventive creature. His resourcefulness and imagination drive evolution. Our ancestors have long been interested in methods of data transmission. And there were inventors who realized that the process of data transfer could be significantly accelerated. Who is the creator of the telephone in the past? Messengers and doves have long been used. But this is still very slow and upon the arrival of the speedster the information became irrelevant.
Some African tribes used drums to transmit signals. The aborigines used this musical instrument not only for ritual dances. A certain rhythm of drumming carried some encrypted information. Such messages were transmitted over fairly long distances. And they meant certain eventful moments within the tribe - readiness to go hunting, general anxiety or, conversely, joyful events. 
In the Land of the Rising Sun, a gong was used to transmit information in the emperor's palace. Its sound echoed throughout the palace. But only a specially trained servant could use such a tool. There was a system for transmitting information messages, it consisted in the number of blows and the length of the interval between them. The courtiers knew very well what each signal meant.
The Indians used whistles for signaling purposes. The same method of communication is known in some African tribes, some still use it. This method of transmitting short messages and commands is effective in hunting conditions. It's fast and clear, sounds loud enough, and won't be confused with the noise around you.
Information was transmitted over longer distances using smoke or fire. In this way, the Slavic tribes signaled a disaster or threat. Fire pits were built on hills or on specially built watchtowers. Such signal fires were located at certain distances from each other and were set on fire when it was necessary to inform the neighboring tribe about the imminent danger that threatened them. 
And in Rus' there were signals used in certain situations. For example, in battle, the enemy was informed about the imminent attack by playing the horn or large drums - timpani. And with the advent of Christianity, bells were used in some cases - the ringing of the alarm bell announced a disaster, and the pleasant sound of the chime gathered people for a service or veche.
note
Everyone knows that flags are used as symbols of states and armies. But flags were also used as a way to transmit encoded information. Even a special alphabet has been formed. Over the years it has been improved and supplemented. This system of signs is still used in our time for emergency situations in the navy.
A technical achievement in the field of transmitting information messages was the optical telegraph (semaphore). This is the invention of the French inventor Claude Chappe. The birthday of the semaphore is considered to be March 2, 1793 - it was on this day that the inventor and his brother transmitted the first message over a distance of 16 kilometers. And after 2 years, the Paris-Lille semaphore line was successfully operating. Data was transmitted, or rather depicted, using a mast equipped with rulers at both ends. This structure was driven by pulleys and cords, allowing it to take 196 positions, transmitting letters and some commonly used words.
A little more than 50 years later, the world's first electric telegraph was designed by the English inventor Francis Ronalds. Although previously many scientists from different countries were developing devices for transmitting information over long distances, there was no particular success. In the annotation for the device, the inventor explained it as a way to transmit telegraphic intelligence at considerable speed. It is the electric telegraph that can largely be considered the first prototype of modern smartphones. 
Who and when invented (invented) the very first telephone in the world
It is unlikely that anyone associated the invention of word transmission with the name of the Italian scientist and inventor Antonio Meucci, but this is so. The scientist discovered the ability to transmit sound at a distance through electrical energy completely by accident. Initially, Meucci discovered that electrical impulses have a beneficial effect on the human body. For these purposes, the scientist designed a generator and began to treat people with electric current.
In one of the receptions, having attached the ends of the electrodes near the lips of the patient being treated, the scientist went into another room to the generator. Having turned on the generator to a certain power, Antonio recognized the patient’s voice as if the latter were standing nearby. Thus, the scientist saw a “miracle” - the ability of electric current to transfer sound over a distance.
When was the first telephone invented in America?
For a long time, Antonio Meucci could not begin to design his design. Only after the death of his wife and, having migrated to the United States, in 1860, using his savings, he published a note in an Italian newspaper about his invention - the telephony. This newspaper was read by a clerk from Western Union, who bought all the diagrams and other information on the invention for a very small sum. In 1871, Meucci wrote a patent application for his invention and began to wait for the start of cooperation promised by the above-mentioned company. But Western Union responded to all the scientist’s requests that the documentation was lost.
But how great was Antonio Meucci’s surprise when in 1876 he read in a regular newspaper about the scientist who invented the telephone. This scientist was Alexander Bell. Of course, Meucci launched a trial and still managed to get his drawings and patent back, but these papers were no longer worth anything because time had expired. Antonio Meucci died in poverty, never receiving recognition from his contemporaries.
The same cannot be said about Alexander Bell. The hype around the “discoverer” and “his” invention brought him worldwide fame. But on June 11, 2002, the US Congress recognized that the inventor of the telephone was, after all, Antonio Meucci.
It was impossible without communication even under the Soviet Union. Telephone exchanges at that time were mainly developed and installed by the Swedish company Ericsson and the German Siemens. The first automatic telephone exchange was erected in 1926 in Rostov-on-Don. The advantage of an automatic telephone exchange is that it can function without the participation of telephone operators, that is, there is no longer any need to shout “young lady” into the receiver. Next, you can read not only information about when the construction of automatic telephone exchanges began, but also when cell phones appeared in Russia.
In one of the issues of the Bulgarian magazine “Cosmos” for 1958 there was a scientific note about the discovery of a portable telephone device by scientist Hristo Bachvarov. This device was housed in a plastic case and weighed about 700 grams. The range of such a device was 80 km. This phone vaguely resembled a walkie-talkie, but still it was not practical enough. After the creation of this sample, similar models of similar design and range appeared in Bulgaria.
Who came up with (invented), when did it appear and how much did the first mobile phone in the Soviet Union weigh?
Everyone knows that the initial conversation over a wireless device took place in 1973 in New York. But another version also has the right to life: that several years earlier in 1961, radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich designed the first mobile phone, the connection through which was carried out via radio communication.
This device was 500 grams, and the range was about 25 km. Such a phone could work from 20 to 30 hours. The device looked like a small box with a dial dial. The telephone handset was connected to the device. It could be transported, but this was quite impractical.
American know-how
The first radio communications were launched by the American company AT&T Bell Labs in 1946. A radio transmitter was built into the telephone set of that time, through which communication was carried out. But the device still only vaguely resembled a modern device. It has not become widespread.
But on March 6, 1983, a commercial apparatus was created. Who made such a device popular?
The development of this device was carried out under the leadership of Martin Cooper. At that time, such a phone was not available to everyone: to purchase it, you had to sign up for a waiting list. In addition, calling on it was quite inconvenient - it was necessary to make a call to the station, say the number of the other subscriber and, after waiting for the connection to talk, hold down a special button and release it, hear the answer. The first cell phone belonged to the developers of Motorola.
Since the time of its first developments, Motorola has long established an authoritative position. But 37 years passed from the first portable device to the mass production copy. According to 1990 data, there were 11 million subscribers in the world. A large-scale advertising campaign was carried out around these devices, but even these gadgets could not provide reliable communication.
Connected with the breeze
Even with the first steps in mobile communications, portable telephone devices were installed on emergency vehicles. Closer to the 70s, such a car accessory became available to ordinary citizens, but it was not cheap at all. The downside of this equipment was that the phone quickly drained the car's battery. Such devices could not be used outside the car. 
The operating principle of the device for cars was the same as for radiotelephones. But with the same shortcomings. The radius of action did not exceed the length of the city. The quality of communication was affected by weather conditions, creating interference on the air.
The weight of the “car” phone was 12-14 kilograms. Cellular landline varieties are also now in use. They are equipped with emergency services crews (police, ambulance, emergency services). Such communications are used by special services as a backup or secret source of communication.
Modern models are equipped with additional functions. Naturally, they weigh much less. And most importantly, they do not affect the battery in the car. Such devices have become more accessible and of better quality. They provide reliable communication at any distance.
American journalist Robert Sloss predicted the appearance of the cell phone back in 1910 in one of his articles. He described many of its characteristics, as well as the consequences of the appearance of such a device. The first portable versions did not have unique characteristics and were not very compact. But the developers took into account all the shortcomings of their predecessors. And they developed more practical models. With all the development of technology, the devices were still very expensive.
"Extraterrestrial Relays"
The idea of creating systematized communication satellites was voiced back in 1945 by the English scientist and writer Arthur C. Clarke. The unification could provide a reliable connection on a planetary scale. But the scientist did not patent his invention because he himself did not believe in the possibility of creation.
The first research in this area began in the 50s of the twentieth century in the USA. But the artificial satellite was launched not by the USA, but by the USSR in 1957. Radio equipment was built into it. But technology developed in the USSR only for the purposes of the Ministry of Defense.
The 1980s marked the beginning of the development of civil satellite communications. The principle of operation of such networks is that a signal from an orbiting satellite arrives at an earth station - a receiver. The disadvantage of such a mobile connection is its high cost.
Externally, the satellite device is similar to the first mobile phones, but in addition it has an antenna. And successful developments were carried out by Nokia. The publicly available model was presented in 1987. The weight of such a “pipe” was close to 800 grams. And the design cost a lot of money. 
IP telephony
The progress of telephone communication has reached the Internet. A global network can provide stable connectivity and accessibility. Thanks to its widespread use, the Internet allows you to make a call to any number on the mobile network. A VoIP gateway is used to ensure voice transmission over the network. It is provided and installed free of charge.
This type of communication is multi-channel, but additional options can be connected. Internet telephony for calls between countries will cost many times less than calling over a mobile network.
Thanks to Internet communications, smartphones, communicators, which have long become familiar to us, have appeared. These devices come with many additional features. Computer geniuses have come up with many mobile applications - this greatly makes our lives easier.
The first device, an analogue of a smartphone, was released for sale in 1994 by the American company IBM. It could handle faxes and email. There were no control keys on the body; everything could be done using the touch screen. And the weight was about 1 kilogram.
Nokia developers decided to combine a cell phone and a compact personal computer, and they ended up with a rather bulky device, which when opened, the user received a quite productive device. The weight was already quite comfortable - 397 grams.
Who invented the smartphone
Many people believe that this gadget was invented by Steven Jobs, but this is not true. In 1992, Frank Canova was named the creator of the smartphone. At that time, his know-how created a real breakthrough in mobile technology. But it could not be called light - the weight was 510 grams. The model did not become popular even after the price dropped.
In 2000, Ericsson coined a new term: smartphone. But the disadvantage of the first of the first smartphones was the inability to install additional applications and operating systems. Further, different telephone companies released smartphones one after another, their “filling” was improved with each new model. The main disadvantage of smartphone models of that time was the lack of RAM. The very first touchscreen phone in the world was quite compact and light, unlike its “ancestors” - it weighed only 164 grams.
The latest technology
Science does not stand still for a second. And telephone communications are also developing and improving every day. Scientists are using their knowledge to increase the functionality of our devices.
We've all been in situations where our phone is low on battery and we don't have a charger at hand. But a solution in this situation has been found - a portable charger, in other words, an external battery. Such a gadget can come in different sizes and weights.
But if this charging method is not surprising, then how do you feel about charging your smartphone with the touch of a finger? You may not believe this possibility, but Georgia Tech nanotechnology specialist Zhong Lin Wang has developed a static energy generator. To charge your mobile device, you just need to slide your finger across the screen. But these are still only experimental developments.
And Tel Aviv University has come up with the fastest way to charge gadgets. The process lasts only 26 seconds. This method is based on the actions of biological semiconductors. If there is no outlet nearby, but there is a park, this is also a method to recharge your mobile phone. Ask how? Scientists have learned to use leg loads to charge devices. To do this, chips capable of generating current were built into waterproof insoles. This idea belonged to Kenyan Anthony Mutu.
For modern mobile devices, the screen, and especially its quality, is of considerable value. Scientific developments are also underway in this area, and there is not much time left before their implementation. Smartphone screens with “augmented reality” are already being explored. Scientists have achieved additional functions - soon it will be possible to twist the screen into a tube or give it any other shape. Nokia is already working on creating a mobile phone in the form of a bracelet.
Many people are already hearing about 5G mobile technologies. The advantages of such communication include high-speed Internet and high-quality mobile communications, regardless of conditions and distances. Scientists will also make sure that 5G technologies are energy-saving. According to the plans of the creators, the first devices supporting the latest fifth-generation technologies will see the light closer to 2019. The first steps have already been taken - in 2016, a 5G modem was presented at the latest technology exhibition in Hong Kong. The data transfer rate was 1 gigabyte per second.
Many people know that Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, but if you look at it, the idea was developed when he was very young. It turns out that he simply appropriated this development. So who came up with the first telephone? It was Antonio Meucci. How did the long history of telephone development develop? Who invented the mobile phone? Let's try to figure it out.
The history of the phone
The development of the telephone would have been impossible if people had not learned to convert sound vibrations into electrical impulses. In 1833, this was accomplished by K. F. Gauss and W. E. Weber in Göttingen. In 1837, a phenomenon was discovered that was later called “galvanic music.” An electrical circuit consists of a horseshoe magnet, a tuning fork, and as the tuning fork oscillates, which opens and closes the circuit, the electromagnet begins to emit a melodious sound.
The first words spoken on the telephone in 1861 went down in history as famous: “A horse doesn’t eat cucumber salad.” Therefore, it is not difficult to calculate in what year the telephone was invented.
Poor genius
On April 13, 1808, the brilliant scientist Antonio Meucci was born in Florence. During his life, he founded a beer factory, and in 1860 he opened a factory, which became the first in the world to produce.
1854 made Antonio think about developing a way to transmit sound signals over a distance. This idea was prompted by the illness of his wife, who was severely tormented by rheumatism. Sometimes she couldn't even leave her room.
Didn't have enough money
In 1866, an accident occurred at his factory: a boiler exploded. Because of this, Meucci was hospitalized for three months. He was subsequently fired from his job, and his wife had to sell some of his developments to get some money. Among them were samples Meucci continued to develop, and in 1871 he filed an application with the United States Patent Office. Lack of finances contributed to the loss of the patent in 1873.
On June 11, 2002, the United States adopted a resolution about who invented the telephone. Congress recognized Antonio Meucci as the inventor. The reason for the non-recognition of the Italian as the author of the development during his lifetime was identified as insufficient knowledge of the English language to understand the intricacies of legal issues. He was unable to hire a lawyer and defend his rights in court. Even after a detailed presentation of all the nuances of the development, which a priori proved that he was absolutely right, he was only 10 dollars short of paying the tax. If he had found the required amount, then the whole world in 1874 would have recognized the primacy of Antonio Meucci, and not Bell.
Legal owner of the development
Thus, in 1876, two applicants, A. Bell and I. Gray, appeared at the Patent Bureau. Within a few days, Bell was issued a copyright certificate for “a telegraphic device that can transmit human speech.” The improved model consisted of a wooden stand, a reservoir of acid (this served as a battery), an ear tube, and copper wires. The creator nicknamed his model “the gallows” for its unusual shape. Gray was denied a patent.
For a long time, the primitive phone model remained in the shadows. And only in June 1876 did he finally decide to show it at an exhibition in Philadelphia. The guests remained indifferent to the presented device until the end of the exhibition. Already during closing, a tall man stopped near the phone, who turned out to be the Emperor of Brazil. He became very interested in the new product on display and pressed the earphone to his ear. Imagine his surprise when he heard a human voice there! From that moment on, the new product became a world sensation and quickly gained popularity.
Thus, we found out who invented the telephone, but the modern communication device is very different from the first. Technologies have developed so much that there is practically nothing left in common with the models we are used to, except for the principle of operation. And who invented the mobile phone, we will find out later.
Cellular developments
A cell phone or mobile phone is designed to operate over cellular networks. To carry it out over the phone, regular telephone communication and a radio transceiver are used.
Among all types of mobile communications, cellular is the most common. A mobile phone is often called a cell phone, although this is not entirely true. Mainline communications, radiotelephones, and satellite phones are also mobile.
Not many people know who invented the cell phone and when. Today we cannot imagine our life without him. And the story began, it turns out, not so long ago.
The first idea for telephone communication appeared in 1946 at AT&T Bell Labs. The company developed the world's first radiotelephone service. It was a hybrid telephone and radio transmitter. A radio station was installed in the car, and this was the only way to make a call. It was impossible to speak at the same time, because in order to speak, you had to press a button, like on a walkie-talkie, then, when you released it, you could hear a message in response. The device weighed 12 kg, was placed in the trunk of the car, and the remote control and handset were carried into the car. They drilled holes in the car for the antenna!
Who invented the cell phone?
Already in 1957, the Russian scientist L. Kupriyanov experimentally created a sample of a mobile phone. His weight was 3 kg. Later, the weight of the device was reduced to 0.5 kg, then to 70 grams. In 1973, the world's first portable telephone was launched, the first call on which was made on April 3. The Motorola DynaTAc, as this device was called, had 12 keys and no display or functions. You could talk for only 35 minutes and charging required 10 hours of waiting.
The year 1984 was marked by the release of the final model of the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone. Its price was $3995! Motorola MicroTac was released in 1989.
Latest phone developments
We found out who invented the telephone, but how did touchscreen phones appear? It was released in 1998, although it was developed back in 1993 at IBM, which dealt with computer technology. responds to finger touches to enter any information.
It’s difficult to say for sure who invented the touch phone; most likely, it was Samuel Hearst. In 1971, he developed the elograph, a graphics tablet. In 1972, the Americans introduced the first touchscreen phone. Ten years later, the first touchscreen TV was exhibited at the fair.
In 2007, the LG KE850 Prada touchscreen phone appeared, which had an excellent design and had great capabilities. The phone could be controlled simply with a finger rather than a stylus.
So, phones gradually began to improve, many manufacturers appeared, the gadget became an indispensable thing for us, and many people forgot who invented the phone.
Modern mobile phones are significantly different from what they used 20 or even 10 years ago. Photo evidence is attached.
The world's first mobile phone: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)
Today, Motorola cannot be called a leader in the mobile industry, but it is the company that released the world's first mobile phone. It turned out to be the DynaTAC 8000X model. A prototype of the device was shown in 1973, but commercial sales began only in 1983. The powerful DynaTAC weighed almost a kilogram, ran for an hour on a single battery charge, and could store up to 30 phone numbers.
First car phone: Nokia Mobira Senator (1982)
In the early 1980s, the Nokia Mobira Senator became widely known. It came out in 1982 and was the first of its kind - it was intended for use in a car, while weighing about 10 kilograms.
Gorbachev spoke on it: Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 (1987)
In 1987, Nokia introduced the Mobira Cityman 900, the first device for NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) networks. The device became easily recognizable due to the fact that Mikhail Gorbachev used it to make a call from Helsinki to Moscow, and this was not ignored by photographers. Nokia Mobira Cityman 900 weighed approximately 800 grams. The price was high - in terms of today's money, its purchase would cost Americans $6,635, and Russians - 202,482 rubles.
First GSM phone: Nokia 101 (1992)
The Nokia phone with the modest number 101 was the first commercially available device capable of operating on GSM networks. The monoblock with a monochrome screen had a retractable antenna and a book with 99 numbers. Unfortunately, it did not yet have the famous Nokia tune ringtone, since the composition appeared in the next model, released in 1994.
Touchscreen: IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)
One of the first attempts to create a communicator was the joint development of IBM and Bellsouth. The IBM Simon Personal Communicator phone ditched the keyboard, offering instead a touchscreen with a stylus. For $899, buyers received a device that could make calls, send faxes and store notes.
First flip phone: Motorola StarTAC (1996)
In 1996, Motorola confirmed its title as an innovator by introducing the first flip phone, the StarTAC. The device was considered stylish and fashionable, it was compact not only for that time, but also in comparison with modern smartphones.
First smartphone: Nokia 9000 Communicator (1996)
The weight of the Nokia 9000 Communicator (397 grams) did not prevent the phone from becoming popular. The first smartphone was equipped with 8 MB of memory and monochrome screens. When opened, the user's gaze revealed a QWERTY keyboard, making it easier to work with text.
Replacement panels: Nokia 5110 (1998)
In the late 1990s, companies realized that consumers viewed mobile phones not only as communication tools, but also as accessories. In 1998, Nokia released the 5110 model, which supported replaceable panels. The phone has also become popular due to its excellent build and good operating time. It featured the famous game “Snake”.
First phone with a camera: Sharp J-SH04 (2000)
Sharp J-SH04 was released in Japan in 2000. This is the world's first camera phone. The camera resolution today seems ridiculous - 0.1 megapixels, but then the J-SH04 seemed like something incredible. After all, the phone could be used as a bad camera, but still a camera.
Mail - the main thing: RIM BlackBerry 5810 (2002)
RIM introduced its first BlackBerry in 2002. Before this, the Canadian manufacturer was producing organizers. The main drawback of the BlackBerry 5810 was the lack of a microphone and speakers - to talk on it, you needed a headset.
PDA meets phone: Palm Treo 600 (2003)
Palm has long been considered the main manufacturer of PDAs (personal pocket computers) and in 2003 released the extremely successful Treo 600 model. The communicator with a QWERTY keyboard, color screen, 5-way navigation key was based on Palm OS 5.
Gaming phone: Nokia N-Gage (2003)
Nokia has made several attempts to capture the minds of mobile players and not all of them were successful. The first truly gaming phone is called Nokia N-Gage. Its design is similar to a handheld console and was positioned as an alternative to the Nintendo Game Boy. On the front side there are gaming control keys, which few people found convenient. The games themselves were recorded on MMC memory cards. The microphone and speaker in N-Gage are located at the end, so all users looked like Cheburashkas during conversations. There were a lot of disadvantages and the project failed.
O2 XDA II (2004)
O2, like Palm, was heavily involved in PDAs. In 2004, the XDA II model appeared, offering users a sliding QWERTY keyboard and office applications. The price was steep back then – $1,390.
Razor-thin: Motorola RAZR V3 (2004)
The best-selling clamshell is the Motorola RAZR V3. The model attracted attention with its subtle and stylish design. The creators took inspiration from the “old man” StarTAC and eventually released a device, clad in a body with aluminum inserts, with a VGA camera (0.3 MP), Bluetooth, GSM. Afterwards, the improved RAZR V3x, RAZR V3i and RAZR V3xx with a better camera, 3G, microSD were seen.
First phone with iTunes: Motorola ROKR E1 (2005)
In 2005, few could have imagined that Apple, specializing in computers and music players, would decide to enter the mobile industry (and introduce the popular iPhone). The company entered into an agreement with Motorola, and as a result, ROKR E1 was created - a device with support for the iTunes music library. Customers' expectations were not met - few people liked the candy bar with Motorola design, slow USB 1.1 interface, outdated 0.3-megapixel camera and limit on storing songs (100 pieces).
Motorola MOTOFONE F3 (2007)
Motorola MOTOFONE F3 was sold for only 60 US dollars. One of the most affordable devices on the market offered a display made using electronic paper technology (EPD, Electronic Paper Display). The advantages include low weight and small thickness.
Easy finger control: Apple iPhone (2007)
The first version of the Apple iPhone was originally released in the US in 2007. The touchphone with a 2-megapixel camera, a 3.5-inch touch screen, and a convenient finger-oriented interface supported only second-generation networks. The iPhone did not work with MMS and could not record video. In 2008, the iPhone 3G was released, and in 2009, the iPhone 3GS. The concept has not changed in three years - programs and a user-friendly interface are at the center.