Download the memory cleaning app for Android. spring-cleaning

When using a smartphone, so-called “garbage” accumulates in it: cache, empty folders, various temporary files, forgotten downloads, identical pictures, etc. If you try to remove all this manually, you will have to search for almost every element separately. Moreover, this procedure needs to be performed once every 2-3 days, or even more often. The more applications installed, the more garbage is generated. There is special software for acceleration. From year to year, new products with various functions are released in this area. We have collected the best applications for cleaning garbage on Android phones and tablets in this article.

Choosing an app to clean up trash on Android.

A completely new multifunctional cleaner that not only clears memory of unnecessary information, but also detects viruses, cools the processor, saves battery power and speeds up the OS. carried out in three stages:

  1. The amount of garbage is calculated, from the removal of which you will not lose anything - here you can safely click “OK” and wait for the result.
  2. The software shows you files that weigh a lot and offers to get rid of them - here, before agreeing, you need to think about it so as not to lose important information forever.
  3. The cleaner also produces a report on the use of RAM and battery resources and terminates unnecessary processes.

You need to scan your phone for viruses at least once a week, especially if you download some items not from Google Play, but from third-party sites, or take out a flash drive and connect it to another device, for example, a PC. Run a deep scan and wait until the antivirus scans all memory dumps. Cooling is necessary when the processor becomes noticeably hot. This may be caused by some software, display settings, gaming loads, etc. The program identifies the cause and eliminates it automatically.

Peculiarities:

  • intuitive Russian-language interface;
  • Suitable for Android 4.0.3+;
  • The software displays advertisements.

NoxCleaner from Nox LTD

A good 2018 app for cleaning Android devices. Scans the system for cache and other garbage, completely removing it. An image manager is also offered, which helps to monitor whether any of them are identical or simply unnecessary (for example, random pictures taken by carelessly pressing a button). You can configure the program so that it deletes applications that have not been used for a month. This is especially true for phones with a large amount of memory, when you stop navigating the huge number of icons and forget what you have installed. An important plus is that the cleaner itself weighs only 9 MB. It won't take up much space, but will bring real benefits.

Peculiarities:

  • for Android 4.4 and higher;
  • there is advertising;
  • Suitable for both smartphones and tablets;
  • supports Russian language.

One of the best memory cleaner apps with many useful features. It is capable of:

  1. Completely remove garbage: cache, downloads, advertising spam, etc.
  2. Cool down your processor by automatically shutting down unnecessary applications.
  3. Delete calls, SMS and clear mail.
  4. Keep the “Gallery” in order, which is very important if, for example, you subscribe to chats on WhatsApp and regularly receive large quantities of pictures.
  5. Speed ​​up the game.
  6. Manage applications: delete completely, track where spam is coming from, etc.
  7. Securing a password for entering a folder or individual software.
  8. , determining what exactly consumes it.
  9. Speed ​​up the system.

The application is very convenient and easy to use - you can add it to the “curtain” (top menu) and set up alerts to receive information about the status of the phone. Peculiarities:

  • for Android 4.0.3+;
  • There are ads, but you can turn them off by purchasing the paid version;
  • Some features are only available for a fee.

A convenient application for cleaning Android and protecting against viruses. With its help, you can easily get rid of the cache, remaining program files, empty folders, and annoying software that was installed along with some necessary package (for example, h5 games). There are also functions:

  • CPU cooling;
  • protect files, folders, applications with a password;
  • OS optimization;
  • battery saving;
  • speed up games.

It is very simple to use: the interface is equipped with hints and graphical indicators in Russian. The app can analyze the system on its own and remind you when it's time to do something to improve performance. Peculiarities:

  • for Android 4.0.3+;
  • installation file size 9.5 MB;
  • there is advertising;
  • Some options are only available for a fee.

The top phone cleaning apps would be incomplete without this cleaner, which has been at the top of the Google Play ratings for several years and is extremely popular among users. It speeds up the system, clears the cache, browser history, clipboard, downloads folder, removes applications completely, cools the processor, and helps control Internet traffic and battery consumption. By 2018, updates with new features appeared:

  1. Task Manager Task Killer, which allows you to quickly access and terminate running processes.
  2. “Hibernation” - applications can be disabled, and they will not start working until you open them - this saves RAM and battery consumption.
  3. “Application statistics” is a report on all programs installed on the phone and their impact on its state.

Peculiarities:

  • Suitable for Android 4.1+;
  • There are paid features and advertising;

Some time after the first turn on, too much information accumulates on the phone and there is simply no free space left for new files. Owners of budget Android devices especially often encounter this problem. But not everything is so simple, all phones have several types of memory, and first you need to figure out what each of them is responsible for, and only then clean the gadget of unnecessary files and irrelevant information. What ways are there to clean up or increase storage capacity?

Types of memory on Android devices

Each of the memory departments has its own tasks and characteristics, which we will now look into:

  • Built-in memory is the memory that is initially located on the phone or tablet and is intended for storing various files. Each device has its own hard drive, on which the operating system itself and programs necessary for normal and full functioning are recorded. After connecting the device to the Internet, or using other methods, you can start filling the internal memory with everything you need: files, programs, music, videos, etc.
  • A storage drive or memory card is an addition to the internal memory that is installed separately. All Android devices have a special input for an SD card, which will allow you to expand the memory by 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 GB. You can transfer personal information, media files and applications to an external drive.
  • If the internal and external memory becomes completely full, you will no longer be able to place anything on the device. It is also possible that the phone will begin to freeze, slow down and refuse to launch applications.

  • RAM (RAM) - this memory stores information about processes that are currently occurring and files copied to the clipboard. That is, if you launched a game or application, started watching videos or listening to music via the Internet, then the load will go to the RAM. In other words, this memory is designed to store cache. Everything that is in this memory is temporary files, since they will be erased after rebooting the device or when a special button is pressed.
  • ROM (ROM) - unlike RAM, it is a permanent memory that stores processes necessary for the full functioning of the system. That is, the ROM is responsible for the loads associated with the operating system and is not reset when the device is rebooted.
  • If the RAM or ROM is completely full, the phone will start to freeze, slow down and stop opening applications. Also, many devices have a function that automatically reboots and disables some applications when the RAM or ROM is heavily loaded.

    How to view statistics on the memory load of a smartphone or tablet

    First, let's check how much and what kind of memory we have left by following these steps:

  • Open your phone settings.

    Open settings

  • Go to the "Memory" section.

    Go to the “Memory” section

  • Here you can view detailed information about the internal and external memory. The list is divided into sections that describe how much memory there is, what it is occupied by, and how much free space is left.

    Memory usage information

  • To find out what part of the RAM and ROM is free, hold down the “Menu” button on the phone panel.

    Press the "Menu" button to view information about RAM and ROM

  • The window that opens shows a list of running applications, and at the bottom there is a button with the words “Available...MB from...GB”. The second digit is the sum of RAM and ROM, the first digit is how much of the total memory is available at the moment.

    The button at the bottom of the screen contains information about the available and total memory of RAM and ROM

  • How to clear device memory

    Since everyone faces this problem sooner or later, there are several cleaning methods, each of which is used for a specific memory.

    Using built-in applications

    First of all, let's use what the developers of your smartphone came up with to clear the internal and external memory by following these steps:

  • Go to your phone settings.

    Go to settings

  • Go to the "Memory" section.

    Go to the “Memory” section

  • Click on the "Cache" button.

    Click on the “Cache” button

  • Confirm deletion of data.

    Confirm cache deletion

  • Now go to the Miscellaneous section.

    Go to the “Miscellaneous” section

  • Check the box for those applications whose files you are not afraid of losing. That is, if you delete .vkontakte, you will lose all saved music and pictures, and the same will happen with other applications whose files you delete.

    We mark applications whose files you don’t mind deleting

  • Click on the garbage can icon in the upper right corner of the screen.

    Click on the garbage can icon to delete data

  • Video tutorial: leave what you need, delete what you don’t need - how to properly clear memory in Android

    To clear RAM and ROM, follow these steps:

  • Press and hold the "Menu" button on your device.

    Hold down the "Menu" button to open the list of running applications

  • In the window that appears, click the button with the broom icon.

    Click on the broom icon to close all applications at once

  • Open your phone settings.

    Open the phone settings

  • Go to the "Applications" section.

    Go to the “Applications” section

  • Go to the “Working” subsection.

    Go to the “Working” section

  • Click on an application that you can stop without losing the functionality of your device. For example, select “Vkontakte”, “Instagram”, browser and similar applications.

    Selecting applications that can be stopped

  • Click the Stop button.

    Click the “Stop” button

  • Do the same for all unnecessary applications.
  • Go to the list of cached applications by clicking on the corresponding icon in the upper right corners of the screen.

    Click on the special icon to go to the list of cached applications

  • Stop all unnecessary applications.

    Stopping unnecessary applications

  • Video tutorial: clearing RAM on an Android device

    Freeing up storage space manually

    This method involves transferring files and programs from internal memory to external memory, since usually the phone’s built-in memory is noticeably smaller than that which can be additionally installed using an SD card. You can transfer pictures, videos, e-books and files that are not involved in maintaining the functionality of the phone to external memory. In general, transfer everything that is not related to the operating system.

  • Open File Explorer. This is an application that contains all the folders and files located on the device.

    Open Explorer

  • Go to internal memory.

    Go to internal memory

  • Hold your finger on the file you want to transfer for a couple of seconds.

    Select file to transfer

  • Click on the scissors icon to cut it.

    Click on the scissors icon to cut the file

  • Go to the MicroSD section.

    Go to the MicroSD section

  • Click on the paper tablet icon to insert a file.

    Insert the cut file using the “Insert” button

  • Do the same with all files.
  • You can also transfer part of the application to external memory by following these steps:

  • Open your device settings.

    Open the phone settings

  • Go to the "Memory" section.

    Go to the “Memory” section

  • Check the box next to MicroSD.

    Check the box next to MIcroSD

  • Reboot your phone. From now on, all applications not included in the list of built-in ones will be transferred to external memory. But be careful, if you remove or break the external drive, applications will no longer run.

    Reboot the device

  • Using a computer

    Don't forget that you can use your computer as an external drive. To transfer files from phone to PC, follow these steps:

  • Connect your phone to your computer via a USB cable.

    We connect the phone and computer using a USB cable

  • Wait until all drivers are installed.
  • On your computer, open File Explorer and navigate to your phone's contents.

    Let's go to the contents of the phone

  • Cut out and transfer all files that are not involved in maintaining the functionality of the device, that is, those that were uploaded by you personally, and not by the creators of the phone.
  • We expand the capabilities of the gadget using cloud technologies

    In recent years, such a branch of the Internet as cloud technologies has been actively developing, allowing you to upload a file to the cloud via an Internet connection. It goes like this:

  • You open one of the programs designed for cloud storage. For example, the Yandex.Disk application, which can be downloaded from Google Play - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ru.yandex.disk&hl=ru.

    Install the Yandex.Disk application

  • Click on the “Upload file” button and select the one you need.

    Upload the necessary files to Yandex cloud servers

  • Done, now you can delete the file from your phone, it will remain on Yandex Disk until you download it from there or delete it. But be careful, carefully read the conditions for storing the file on cloud servers, as some companies set limits on file sizes and storage periods, after which it will be automatically deleted.
  • We work with third-party programs

    In the Play Market you can easily find many free programs that can help you clean your phone in a couple of clicks. Now we will look at the most popular and practical of them:

    Clean Master will free your storage from unnecessary information

    Probably one of the most famous applications, and not only in its category, as it has more than 5,000,000 installations. Clean Master offers a complete cleaning of the device from temporary files, cache, damaged and empty folders, browser history and other garbage. Its capabilities also include automatic closing of unnecessary applications and a built-in antivirus. The application has a nice and convenient interface that allows you to clean your device with just two clicks of the “Analysis” and “Clean” buttons. Installation link from Play Market -

    Install the Clean Master application

    System monitoring in Android Assistant

    Also deservedly located in the top Play Market program (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.advancedprocessmanager&hl=ru), which has a very wide list of features:

  • Constant system monitoring, providing the user with information about system load, memory status, battery temperature and other useful things.
  • A process manager that allows you to manage running applications in a couple of touches of the screen.
  • Ability to view the list of applications that start automatically when the device is turned on and disable them.
  • The App 2 SD function will allow you to quickly move installed applications from internal to external memory.
  • And, most importantly, the application will allow you to clear your phone’s memory of unnecessary files with the press of one button.

    Installing the Android Assistant application

  • Total Commander will help you structure folders and files

    This application is designed to organize all the files on the device. Total Commander will allow you to pack and unpack folders with their contents in rar and zip formats. Its capabilities also include editing and transferring the contents of the phone from place to place or to another device. Installation link from Play Market -

    Installing the Total Commander application

    How to increase internal memory on Android

    If clearing the memory did not solve your problems, then it’s time to think about upgrading your device.

    First, get an SD card. At the moment, their cost depends on the amount of memory. That is, an 8 GB card will cost twice as much as a 4 GB card. Try to buy a card with more memory than you currently need, so that you can move it into a new phone in the future without having to buy a new one.

    Secondly, install the FolderMount application from the Play Market (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.devasque.fmount&hl=ru) and the 360root application, which will give your device root rights (download it can be found on the official website of the developer http://360root.ru).

  • Launch the 360root application and click on the button in the middle of the screen. Done, superuser rights have been obtained.

    Press the button to give the phone root rights

  • Open the application. It is designed to increase the internal memory of the device by combining the storage areas located there with an SD card. That is, applications can be completely transferred to an external drive from the phone, accordingly freeing up the built-in memory.

    Open the application

  • We begin to manually combine folders. More details on how to do this correctly are described in the video tutorial.
  • Video: combining folders

    Thirdly, we’ll figure out how to increase the device’s RAM. This can be done using special programs that create a swap file. For example, Ram Manager.

  • Download the application from the Play Market - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.smartprojects.RAMOptimizationFree&hl=ru.

    Install the RAM Manager Free application

  • We give him root rights.

    Give the application root rights

  • Select one of the operating modes.

    Select one of the modes

  • Ram Manager operating modes:

  • Balance - maximum optimization of RAM.
  • Balance (with more free memory) – maximum optimization of RAM for devices with up to 512 MB of memory.
  • Balance (with more multitasking) – maximum optimization of RAM for devices with more than 512 MB.
  • Hard Gaming is a mode for those who like to run serious games on their device that require a lot of resources.
  • Hard Multitasking - this mode will optimize the operation of the device while running several programs simultaneously.
  • Default (Samsung) – this mode is activated in Samsung devices by default, but now it can be used on phones from other companies.
  • Default (Nexus S) – mode for phones and tablets from Google.
  • Default settings of your phone - this function resets the RAM settings to the “default” level.
  • How to avoid cluttering your phone and save system resources

    To avoid problems with free device memory in the future, you should follow simple rules:

  • Download only what you really need. Don't buy into big names and promises of programs that promise to speed up your device several times. They will only clog your memory, which will lead to sad consequences.
  • Make it a rule to transfer photos and videos from your phone to your computer or flash drive once every couple of weeks. This will significantly relieve memory, and it will not run out at the most inopportune moment.
  • Use memory cleaning programs regularly. For example, Clean Master. They will clear the cache and other garbage accumulated on your device.
  • Buy an SD card, which will greatly increase the amount of available memory.
  • The performance of the device directly depends on the free space. If the memory is clogged, then you cannot avoid freezes and reduced phone performance. Remember that any computer device requires constant care and protection from viruses. Only if you are careful and careful with your gadget will it serve you for a long time and with high quality, constantly satisfying your needs.

    Modern mobile devices are equipped with an impressive amount of internal memory, which can reach 64 GB or more. This space is sufficient for most users to perform everyday tasks. However, if your gadget does not boast a capacitive drive, sooner or later you will face a lack of free space on your device. In this case, it will not be superfluous to know how to clean your Android phone of unnecessary files and applications.

    Ways to clean your smartphone from unnecessary information

    Starting with Android 4.4, the developers of this OS have removed the ability to install applications on an external memory card. Thanks to this, many owners of mobile devices began to experience a shortage of free space and look for different ways to free it up.

    There are several ways to clean Android from unnecessary files and programs:

    Manually erasing unnecessary files

    The most accessible and easy-to-use method of getting rid of unnecessary data is manual cleaning of Android. It consists of searching internal and external storage for files and programs that you do not use, and then erasing them.

    The most convenient way to clean your phone of unnecessary files is through the explorer installed on your smartphone. This could be File Manager, ES Explorer, Total Commander or any other software with similar functionality. The procedure will be as follows:

    If ES Explorer is used as a cleaner, then in this case unnecessary files manually deleted will not disappear without a trace, but will be transferred to a backup area called the Recycle Bin. To completely erase them, you need to clean it too.

    If, after cleaning the gadget from rarely used files, little free space has increased on the drive, you can additionally get rid of unnecessary software:

    This cleaning method is only suitable for third-party applications. There is no virtual Delete key in the properties of the preinstalled (built into the system) software. Before uninstalling such programs, you will need to unlock root access on your device.

    When considering how to clean Android of junk, it should be noted that one of the places with a large volume of unnecessary files is the Download folder. Therefore, it is recommended to visit it first.

    Clearing the system cache

    Another place where garbage likes to accumulate is cache. It stores temporary files, as well as “snapshots” of previously deleted applications. One of the most effective cache clearing utilities is SD Maid. It works like this:

    Deeper cache clearing can be done via . To do this, you need to enter Recovery mode by turning off the phone and holding down a certain combination of mechanical keys, and select the wipe cache partition tool. After rebooting the phone, the cache will be completely clear.

    Transferring installed programs to an external card

    If the memory of your device contains only the necessary information, that is, you cannot delete anything from it, you can free up free space by transferring the installed software to an external card. Modern smartphones and tablets do not have this feature. However, this shortcoming can be corrected.

    As you use an Android smartphone, a lot of “extra” information gets into the system - cache, outdated cookies, search history, processes, logs, etc. Over time, such files turn out to be unnecessary, but they settle in memory. Read about utilities that will help you clean out the “garbage” and put things in order in the Vestey.High-Tech review.

    Cache is auxiliary files (temporary copies of documents created in Word, music listened to on VKontakte, sections of maps in Google Maps, pictures downloaded from the Internet, etc.) that programs store. They can be recorded either on the built-in storage or SD card, or in the RAM of an Android smartphone.

    The cache is needed to speed up loading and save traffic. However, periodic cleaning of residual information is also necessary. Special applications, firstly, help delete files that will not be useful soon or will never be useful, increasing free space (sometimes several hundred megabytes or even gigabytes). Secondly, they free up resources for RAM, extending the “life” of the battery (read about that in our other review).

    As the name suggests, this utility helps you get rid of SMS, browser history, cache, call log and temporary files on the SD card with one click. The application does not have any fine settings, but it is the simplest on Google Play.

    For convenience, you can place an icon on your desktop to get rid of the cache with one click. Since 1-Click Clear was created by the Japanese, the translation of the program is very lame - in Russian it is called “Key Clearing”. However, it is not difficult to understand.

    Android version required: 1.6+;
    Developer: OPDA;
    Google Play rating: 4.3 (18,980).

    A powerful all-in-one tool with a very user-friendly interface. It can also serve as a task manager, application and running process manager. Cleans literally everything: cache, browser cookies, Google search history, and even the clipboard and “traces” left in other programs (WhatsApp, Google+, Spotify, Pinterest, YouTube, etc.)

    When analyzing the system state, the utility takes into account large files (> 10 megabytes). They can also be deleted at once by checking the boxes. Unlike 1-Click Cleaner, Clean Master can clean RAM (Tasks section). On my smartphone, for example, there were several running processes (Google Reader, Yandex.Maps, Play Music, Media) that took up an extra 26 MB of RAM. You can tick all the processes you don’t need, link them to the “Accelerator” shortcut and place it on the home screen. Unfortunately, you cannot clean them on a schedule.

    Using Clean Master you can also find out how much space programs and cache take up. It turned out that Yandex.Maps takes up 1.8 gigabytes (13 megabytes for the application itself + 1.7 GB of accompanying files), Evernote - 354 MB, and VKontakte - 103 MB.

    Android version required: 2.1+;
    Developer: Ksmobile;
    Google Play Rating: 4.7/5 (319,722).

    This utility has only one button that deletes the entire cache at once. You can delete junk files upon request, set up auto-cleaning after startup or at a certain time interval. Some programs (for example, maps or games) need a cache, but its size can be limited so that it does not eat up too much memory on the smartphone.


    Developer: INFOLIFE;
    Google Play rating: 4.7 (37,111).

    A specialized tool for optimizing call and SMS history. It can make sure that immediately after the end of a conversation, there are no traces left on the Android smartphone of the person who called you from a specific number. In addition, after a specified interval, it automatically gets rid of incoming and sent SMS.

    The utility has another interesting function that helps you make a fake entry in the call log. Call logs can be exported to a CSV file, and settings can be protected with a password. If desired, the program can be hidden from prying eyes (it will open only after calling number #9999).

    Android version required: 2.2+;
    Developer: SoftRelay;
    Google Play rating: 4.8 (88).

    Deletes everything related to history: views in browsers, call list (frequent, missed, incoming/outgoing), SMS (including drafts), search in Gmail, Google Maps, YouTube, Google Play, clipboard. It can also erase cache, but from all applications at once.

    Android version required: varies by device;
    Developer: INFOLIFE;
    Google Play rating: 4.7 (120,461).

    Another program by INFOLIFE. This utility analyzes the system startup log and disables the loading of unwanted processes. It can “kill” them immediately after loading Android, when turning it off, or on demand. Important processes are not shown in the list (for example, the graphical shell, without which you cannot use a smartphone), so cleaning can be done painlessly.

    Android version required: varies by device;
    Developer: INFOLIFE;
    Google Play rating: 4.6 (152,400).

    Every smartphone owner sooner or later noticed that the operating system, which recently worked stably and quickly launched applications, would freeze.

    Before taking drastic measures in the form of or contacting a service center, you should try to independently determine the cause of this. Most often, problems are caused by unnecessary system files and data, which ordinary users call “garbage”. It is a consequence of the active use of the gadget. In this article we will tell you how to clean your smartphone from debris.

    The free memory space of any device is gradually filled with applications and their updates, multimedia files, as well as updates to the operating system itself. Part of such memory is (random access memory) or, in other words, cache. It contains intermediate data of launched applications and is prone to clogging.

    For example, you are watching a movie, pause the video player and open some messenger. After that, launch the game and, having completed the level, open the browser. Thus, a lot of open processes accumulate in a short period of time, and the RAM becomes overflowing with temporary files. It is recommended to free up RAM periodically: this can be done manually () or automatically. For the latter method, there are special programs, which we will discuss below.

    The main storage of the smartphone is also clogged with application files that are currently installed or have been installed previously. When you delete them using standard means, some folders, logs and records remain in the smartphone’s memory.

    To ensure that your smartphone or tablet is fast and not cluttered with unnecessary data, you need to follow simple recommendations:

    • Please visit the Recent Programs tab regularly. It shows a list of applications that are active and occupying RAM. Leave running only those processes that are needed at the moment.
    • Don't install unnecessary applications. It often happens that a user downloads programs and games that he does not use. There are a large number of them, forcing the operating system to “search” for the necessary files in a huge array of unclaimed data.
    • Don't be limited by using built-in memory. Placing data on an additional storage device (flash drive) will remove the load from the operating system and allocate more space for system and RAM memory. It is important to match your device.
    • Try your phone memory.
    • Use cloud storage. For example, photos can be stored in Google Photos.

    Comprehensive cache clearing

    There is a separate article on this topic on our website -. Let us immediately note that the most effective and working method is in the Recovery menu.

    If unnecessary files have accumulated, you can resort to special optimizers that will help remove them and stop running processes. Let's look at the most popular among them.

    The official app from the creators of Android. Without advertising, intrusive services and offers.

    An excellent tool with rich functionality and a simple interface. It allows you to get rid of old messages in instant messengers, analyze unused applications and delete them, regularly clean your smartphone at a scheduled time, free up additional space in the device’s memory and speed up the operating system.

    (“Cleaning for Super Speed”). It is in no way inferior to the previous utility, but the capabilities are expanded with additional functions. Super Speed ​​Cleaner can evaluate the processor temperature and identify programs that are causing overheating. By optimizing the system and analyzing files, the utility acts as an antivirus, as it is capable of finding dangerous software. Super Speed ​​Cleaner also provides additional power savings by detecting battery draining apps.

    This is an optimizer that combines all the best from the above-mentioned programs. As an additional bonus, you can set a password for access to personal photos, as well as protection against unauthorized access to confidential user information via public Wi-Fi networks.

    Take care of your smartphone and promptly carry out preventive measures to clean the operating system. This will maintain the performance of the device and ensure its stable operation.