Processor clock frequency 2 GHz. What is a central processing unit
That clock frequency is the most well-known parameter. Therefore, it is necessary to specifically understand this concept. Also, within the framework of this article, we will discuss understanding clock speed multi-core processors , because there are interesting nuances that not everyone knows and takes into account.
Enough for a long time the developers relied specifically on increasing the clock frequency, but over time, the “fashion” has changed and most of the developments go towards creating a more advanced architecture, increasing cache memory and developing multi-cores, but no one forgets about the frequency.
What is processor clock speed?
First you need to understand the definition of “clock frequency”. The clock speed tells us how many calculations the processor can perform per unit time. Accordingly, the higher the frequency, the more operations the processor can perform per unit time. Clock frequency modern processors, generally ranges from 1.0-4GHz. It is determined by multiplying the external or base frequency, by a certain coefficient. For example, processor Intel Core The i7 920 uses a bus speed of 133 MHz and a multiplier of 20, resulting in a clock speed of 2660 MHz.
The processor frequency can be increased at home by overclocking the processor. There are special models processors from AMD and Intel, which are aimed at overclocking by the manufacturer itself, for example Black Edition from AMD and the K-series line from Intel.
I would like to note that when buying a processor, frequency should not be the decisive factor in your choice, because only part of the processor’s performance depends on it.
Understanding Clock Speed (Multi-Core Processors)
Now, in almost all market segments there are no longer single-core processors left. Well, it’s logical, because the IT industry does not stand still, but is constantly moving forward by leaps and bounds. Therefore, you need to clearly understand how the frequency is calculated for processors that have two or more cores.
While visiting many computer forums, I noticed that there is a common misconception about understanding (calculating) the frequencies of multi-core processors. I’ll immediately give an example of this incorrect reasoning: “There are 4 nuclear processor with a clock frequency of 3 GHz, so its total clock frequency will be equal to: 4 x 3 GHz = 12 GHz, right?” - No, not so.
I will try to explain why the total processor frequency cannot be understood as: “number of cores X specified frequency."
Let me give you an example: “A pedestrian is walking along the road, his speed is 4 km/h. This is similar to a single-core processor on N GHz. But if 4 pedestrians are walking along the road at a speed of 4 km/h, then this is similar to a 4-core processor on N GHz. In the case of pedestrians, we do not assume that their speed will be 4x4 = 16 km/h, we simply say: "4 pedestrians walk at a speed of 4 km/h". For the same reason, we do not perform any mathematical operations with the frequencies of the processor cores, but simply remember that a 4-core processor is N GHz has four cores, each of which operates at a frequency N GHz".
When you purchase or assemble a desktop computer, you may find out that one of the most expensive parts will be the processor. The processor is electronic unit or circuit that executes machine instructions, and also one of the main parts hardware computer.
The processor has many different parameters, one of which is called clock speed. What is it?
The processor clock frequency is the clock frequency of the synchronous electronic circuit, which come from outside to the input of the circuit in one second. In other words, this is the number of operations that the processor performs in one second. At the same time, it is important not to forget that processors with the same clock frequency can have different performance, so to perform one operation various systems different numbers of cycles are required.
Clock speed is measured in frequency units - megahertz and gigahertz.
It is believed that the higher the value, the more productive the processor itself. This is partly true, but only for models in the same manufacturer line. After all, processor performance is also influenced by other characteristics, for example, bus frequency or cache size. Some manufacturers allow you to “overclock” the processor clock speed.
By the way, interesting point. As you know, single-core processors are not so common today; their place has been replaced by multi-core processors. However, this is not surprising, but that is not what we are talking about. Many people ask how the clock speed of multi-core processors is calculated? Some users believe that it is enough to multiply the clock speed by the number of processor cores. That is, if an 8-core processor has a frequency of 3 GHz, then you need to multiply 8 by 3 and get a frequency of as much as 24 GHz. In fact, this calculation has nothing to do with reality.
To understand the principle of calculating the clock frequency, you need to consider a simple example. Let's say we have a car that reaches 200 km per hour (that is, a single-core processor). If we take 4 of these cars (4-core processor), then no matter how hard we try, we will not be able to accelerate these cars to a speed of 800 km per hour under any desire. The same is with the clock frequency - if it is 3 GHz, then the 4-core processor has a frequency of the same 3 GHz.
What is processor clock speed? What does this characteristic affect and in what ways can it be increased? What is the maximum processor clock speed? We will examine these questions in the course of this article.
The concept of clock frequency
The processor clock speed is one of the most important parameters, characterizing a personal computer, as well as all other devices built on its principle. That is, not only do they have their own processor clock frequency personal computers, but also laptops, netbooks, ultrabooks, tablet computers and smartphones.
Processor clock speed is a parameter applied to individual devices, which make up computer system. More specifically, we are talking about the processor. In fact, a lot depends on the processor clock speed, but this is not the only detail that affects the operation of the system.
So, to understand the question of clock frequency, let's first delve a little deeper into word formation. What is “tact” and what does this word have to do with our case? A beat is nothing more than the period of time that occurs between the repetition of two impulses. These pulses, in turn, are created by a device called a “clock generator.” Essentially, this is a chip that is responsible for generating the clock frequency used motherboard and the processor itself. That is, the processor clock frequency is the frequency at which the device operates.
Operating principle of the gas turbine unit
The clock generator creates pulses that are subsequently sent throughout the device. They speed up the computer architecture, simultaneously creating synchronization between individual elements. That is, the GTC is a kind of “commander” who connects the working computer links into one sequence. So, the more often the clock generator creates pulses, the best performance will be on a computer/laptop/smartphone and so on.
It is logical to assume that if there is no clock generator, then there will be no synchronization between the elements. Therefore, the device will not be able to operate. Let's assume that somehow we managed to bring such a device to life. So what next? All parts of the computer will operate at their own frequency in different times. And what is the result? As a result, the speed of the computer decreases by tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times. Does anyone really need such a device? This is the role of the clock generator.
What is clock speed measured in?
Clock frequency, according to international standards, it is customary to measure both megahertz and gigahertz. Both types of measurements are correct, rather it's just a question appearance prefixes and number of characters. The designations for the two measurements are, respectively, “MHz” and “GHz”. Let us remind those who forgot, and tell those who did not know, that 1 MHz is numerically equal to a million clock cycles performed within one second. And gigahertz is 3 degrees more. That is, it is a thousand megahertz. Computer technology do not stand still, like everyone else. They can be said to be developing dynamically, so we can voice the assumption that in the near future there may be a processor whose clock frequency will be measured not in megahertz or gigahertz, but in terahertz. This is another 3 degrees more.
What does processor clock speed affect?
As is known, a computer, starting from simple accounts and ending the latest games, performs a certain set of operations. Which, by the way, can be quite impressive. So, these operations are performed in a certain amount beats Therefore, the higher the clock speed of the processor, the faster it will be able to cope with tasks. And at the same time, performance increases, calculations and data loading in various applications are accelerated.
About the maximum clock speed
It's no secret that before a processor model is released into mass production, its prototype is tested. Moreover, they test with sufficient load to identify weak points and modify them a little.
Processor testing is carried out at different clock frequencies. At the same time, other conditions such as pressure and temperature also change. Why are tests carried out? They are organized not only to identify and eliminate faults and problems, but also to obtain a value called the maximum clock frequency. It is usually indicated in the device documentation, as well as in its labeling. The maximum clock speed is nothing more than the normal clock speed that the processor will have under standard conditions.
About the possibility of adjustment
In general, modern computers motherboards allow the user to change the clock frequency. Of course, this is done in one range or another. Technology now allows processors to run on different frequencies depending on choice. And this, I must say, is important, since such a processor can synchronize its frequency with the frequency of the motherboard, because the processor itself is installed on it.
About increasing the clock frequency
Of course, maximum results can be achieved by simply purchasing new processor, having an increased clock frequency. However, this is not always financially possible, which means the question is how to increase the processor clock frequency without investing additional funds this matter remains open.
In a nutshell, overclocking a processor is not accomplished by third party programs. This, as in the case of overclocking a video card, is outright nonsense. In fact, you can improve the performance of the processor by setting the appropriate settings in the BIOS.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out during this article? Firstly, the processor clock speed is the frequency at which the device operates. Secondly, computers use a clock generator, which creates a specific frequency that synchronizes work individual elements. Thirdly, maximum frequency processor frequency is the frequency at which the processor operates under normal conditions. Fourthly, overclocking the processor, that is, increasing its clock frequency, is possible by changing the settings in the BIOS.
Clock frequency Intel processors, like processors of other brands, depends on the model.
The processor (CPU or CPU) is the central link of almost every modern device. It is capable of simultaneously performing any calculations and executing commands various programs. Mainly, the CPU determines how fast and productive a computer or laptop will be. It is his choice that gives further direction to the process of selecting the remaining components.
Choosing a processor for a computer or laptop is not difficult. First you need to decide on the purposes for which it is purchased. Afterwards, you need to understand the main parameters of its central “brain”.
Types of AMD, Intel processor sockets and system bus frequency
A socket is a processor connector for connecting to the motherboard (see photo). Today, most motherboards are made for either Intel or AMD CPUs. It is important to know that the CPUs of these brands are not interchangeable - their sockets differ both in shape and electrically. They are divided into classes based on the type of connector. Each such class consists of models with sockets of the same shape. In this case, it is possible to insert them into the same motherboard. The main thing is that its chipset has appropriate support.
Also, when purchasing a CPU, for example, with an LGA1155 socket, the motherboard must be purchased with a similar socket. Over time, everyone began to have new connectors more contacts, which led to a constant increase in bus frequency - the speed of communication between the CPU and the motherboard. Thus, than more modern type socket, the higher the bus frequency. It, like the clock frequency, is measured in hertz. The higher this value, the faster the information exchange process takes place. It is best to choose a CPU with a bus frequency of 1.6 GHz or higher.
At the time of writing, Intel's most popular socket is LGA1155. For more powerful servers with Core i7 or Xeon CPUs, the LGA1366 socket is available. The latest development was the LGA2011 socket. It is used in some Ivy Bridge CPUs. Although the price of such CPUs is falling, motherboards with such a socket are very expensive. There is no need to pay extra for a small increase in performance.
AMD has compatible sockets series "+". For example, the most popular AM3+ connectors are also suitable for AM3. This allows you to expand the possibilities for improving the CPU. Sockets FM1 and FM2 were designed for AMD Fusion CPUs, which feature powerful integrated graphics, great solution for those who have no desire to spend cash to a discrete video card.
Processor clock speed: choose for games and everyday tasks
Clock speed is the total number of actions that the central processor can perform in one second. This characteristic is measured in hertz (Hz). For example, a clock frequency of 1.8 GHz per second is the execution of 1 billion 800 million operations. The higher this indicator, the faster the CPU works. Therefore, you should choose a CPU with a higher clock speed. To start office applications, comfortable video viewing Full resolution HD and listening to music is quite enough power of a dual-core CPU with a frequency of about 1500-2000 MHz. Modern games and multimedia tasks will require a clock frequency of 2000-2500 MHz - 4-6 or 8-core (according to program requirements).
Please note modern models from Intel are equipped with proprietary technology Turbo Boost. This is an automatic increase in nominal frequency upon request operating system(see photo).
Processor cache memory: select the required volume
Cache memory is over the top fast memory CPU into which data is loaded executable program. The larger the cache size, the faster this data will be processed. There are currently 3 cache levels:
L1 is the fastest memory because it has smallest size(8-128 Kb);
L2 – slower than L1, but larger in size (128-12288 KB);
L3 is the slowest memory. She has largest size or may be completely absent (0-16384 KB). The latter is possible for specially made processors or certain servers.
When choosing a CPU, the L3 cache must be calculated so that each core has at least 1 MB of capacity. You should take into account the fact that in the characteristics it is indicated entirely for the entire processor. Based on this, you should not purchase a 4-core CPU with a Level 3 cache of less than 4 MB.
Number of processor cores: more is not always better
The Core is a small crystal made of silicon. Its area is approximately 1 square centimeter. It contains a CPU implemented using the smallest logic elements. On at the moment clock CPU frequency it is no longer possible to raise it higher, because its value has reached its maximum value. Therefore, manufacturers have switched to increasing the number of cores. The advantage of multi-core is especially pronounced when simultaneously running resource-intensive multitasking programs, but only those that support this property. Therefore, if the CPU has 4 cores and running program designed only for the use of 2, the remaining 2 will not be used. In the opposite case, for example, the Ghost Recon game optimized for four cores demonstrates a confident superiority over the dual-core mode (see photo).
Therefore, when choosing a CPU for daily tasks, it is more important to rely not on the number of cores, but on the indicator of its clock frequency and cache memory size. However, when buying a computer or laptop for gaming, it is better to purchase a modern quad-core version.
Processor size: 32 and 64 bits
The number of bits of information processed by the CPU during one clock cycle is characterized by the bit depth. It can have a value of 8, 16, 32 and 64. Nowadays, all major programs are designed for 32-bit or 64-bit architecture.When choosing a computer or laptop, you should take into account that 32 bit systems support RAM no more than 3.75 GB. 64-bit allows you to transfer volumes RAM more than 4 GB, which is necessary for modern applications, where 4 GB is already a minimum.
Processor graphics core, heat dissipation and technology
In addition to a certain number of conventional cores, the CPU can be additionally equipped with a core that has graphics computing capabilities. This significantly reduces the workload of the integrated GPU or discrete video card. Latest Developments models with a graphics core are quite capable of replacing budget options video cards They support Full HD video as well as low-power games. For desktop computers Intel company released similar hybrid models of the Clarkdale family, and for mobile ones - Arrandale. There is also a cheaper option - Lynnfield. Graphic solution companies in the CPU Sandy Bridge was pretty weak. It was significantly inferior to similar developments from competitors - ARM or AMD Llano. Therefore, the architecture was changed for the new Ivy Bridge CPUs graphics core, which improved its performance.
Thermal dissipation is a parameter that determines how hot the CPU gets during operation, called heat dissipation (TDP). Its unit of measurement is considered to be the watt. Based on the heat dissipation value, you can select the appropriate cooling system. For example, if the TDP of the CPU is 75 W, then the cooler should be chosen with the same power, or better even slightly higher.
For laptops and netbooks, heat dissipation should not exceed 45 W, because they do not have the ability to use bulky cooling systems. This characteristic is also taken into account in cases where more silent system, operating longer on battery power.
If you choose between identical models that have different heat dissipation, you should purchase the one with a lower value.
A set of specific commands aimed at increasing CPU performance is called a technology. For example, SSE4 technology includes 54 commands that improve the process of working with more serious programs. These include 3-dimensional modeling, powerful games, as well as processing audio and video files.
If you plan to use the above programs, then the selected central CPU should support such technologies.
In conclusion: AMD and Intel - which processor is better
Models from Intel are preferable to AMD because other internal components and some applications work more correctly with them, although in general Intel is more expensive than AMD. Objectively, for expensive devices the choice of a system based on Intel based, and AMD – good option For budget solutions. Intel also produces Atom series processors with a cache that is halved compared to Core, but Atom has its own advantages - lower power consumption. According to testing indications, when deciding various types tasks, different CPUs show different results: some work faster in games, others in multimedia applications. Therefore, the choice is made based on the needs of the owner.
Employees of simple offices work with light text and graphic editors, and also do a little surfing on the Internet. For them, it is enough to opt for modern, and not very expensive series. These include Pentium Dual-Core models from Intel or Phenom II X2 (AMD).
For home use, including modern games and watching videos in high resolution, you will need a more powerful 2-core CPU with the highest possible clock speed. This can be Core i3 5xx, 6xx (Intel) or Phenom II X2 5xx (AMD).
When installing the most demanding games, you need to choose a 4-core CPU in a higher price category, for example, Core i5 750 (Intel) or Phenom II X4 95x.
If you run programs designed for professional 3D graphics or media applications, they are required to process a very large amount of data. For such purposes, it is recommended to select a model with at least 6 cores. Suitable here Core models i7 8xx, 9xx (Intel) or Phenom II X6 (AMD).