What is technology in computer science definition. Computer Science and Information Technology

It is known that the word computer science (“Informatique”) was first introduced into scientific terminology by French scientists in the early 1970s. In English-speaking countries, the term “computer Science” is used in parallel.

The creation and widespread use in the everyday life of modern society of the latest technologies for collecting and processing information, various information retrieval, modeling, analytical and management systems have led to the emergence of an interesting and significant phenomenon characteristic of the modern history of mankind. The improvement of computer technology, telecommunications systems and information technology not only fully demonstrates its production, technological and social usefulness, improving the conditions of our work and life, they radically change the very nature of human and production relations in modern society.

At this stage of the formation and development of a new scientific discipline capable of formulating and studying the basic laws of the process of informatization of the modern world, it is an objective and urgent necessity. Informatics arose within the framework of modern theories of managing complex dynamic processes and was intended to add a practical orientation to the theories, focused on creating a scientific basis for the functioning of complex information systems based on the widespread use of the latest information exchange technologies.

As a comprehensive scientific discipline, computer science studies all aspects of the design, development and use of data processing systems. At the same time, it reveals the general patterns of influence of these systems on various spheres of socio-economic life of a person and society.

Thus, computer science today is not only the theory of information exchange, not only the technology of information processing and information flows, it is an entire socio-technological infrastructure that is organically intertwined with the social sphere and has an increasingly significant impact on it. The study of the nature and methods of impact of the latest information technologies on the social sphere of modern society today is the main component of computer science as a complex scientific discipline. The expansion of the use of computer technology and telecommunications significantly changes the general social environment of modern society, while expanding the horizons of scientific and practical knowledge, stimulating the processes of improving information technologies. This mutual influence determines the rapid development of the entire information infrastructure of society, which, in turn, is a powerful accelerator for the development of the latest means of information exchange.

Computer science has become part of our everyday reality. Today it changes not only the material foundations of many socio-economic and scientific-technical processes, but also our ideas about the world around us, about the forms and methods of knowing it. Computer science can be equally classified as both applied and fundamental sciences. Such an ambiguous classification follows from the very nature of the emergence and development of computer science as a complex set of general theoretical and applied scientific disciplines.

On the one hand, computer science can be considered as a fundamental, natural science that studies the structure and general properties of information, issues related to the processes of collection, storage, transmission, transformation and use of information. Computer science is a natural fundamental science, since it defines unified, general laws of information processing for various spheres of human activity. These laws are of a general scientific nature and have the same manifestations in various fields of scientific knowledge.

On the other hand, computer science has pronounced applied aspects related to the functioning of very specific information technologies and systems aimed at meeting the applied information needs of humans and society. In this sense, computer science formulates very specific methods and rules for the design and creation of information processing systems, technologies for using these systems to solve applied problems of automating routine computational and logical procedures.

Due to the versatility and multivariance of the concept of computer science, any simplified definition will contain only the most general features and reflect the essence of the concept without taking into account its subject area. From the point of view of the subject area, computer science should be understood as the science that studies computers, the principles of their construction, operation and practical application for processing information. In addition, computer science studies the theoretical and practical aspects of designing computer systems, electronics, mathematics and logic. The range of subject areas of computer science is defined from software development technology, programming and computer architecture to artificial intelligence and robotics.

Often the term “computer science” refers to a set of fundamental and applied disciplines that study the properties of information, as well as methods of accumulation, processing, presentation and transmission of information using certain technical means.

The core of computer science as an applied scientific direction is information technology - a set of specific hardware and software tools with the help of which a wide variety of data processing operations are performed. Sometimes information technology is called computer technology, as well as applied computer science. Of decisive importance for applied computer science are the means of computing and telecommunications technology, in particular, the computer as a technical device designed for processing information.

A generalizing definition of computer science, which reflects its main features in the most concise form, can be formulated as follows: computer science is a science that studies the structure and general properties of information, as well as the patterns of its creation, transmission and use in various spheres of human activity and society.

The applied goal of computer science is to develop more effective methods for using information flows and identifying ways to optimize the processes of practical use of various information.

The main function of computer science is to substantiate the means and methods of technological support for information processes, and, consequently, to qualitatively change the nature of their flow based on the use of modern computer and telecommunications equipment, mathematical modeling and program control.

Any scientific direction is called upon to produce and systematize objective knowledge about reality in order to describe and explain it, to formulate and explain the basic patterns that constitute the subject of its study. Regarding computer science, it can be argued that the object of study of this scientific discipline is a variety of information in all its forms from all spheres of life in modern society.

Information * originating and existing within any area of human activity acquires a highly specialized sectoral nature. In the process of studying this type of information, specific methods for its presentation and processing are developed. This determines the division of computer science into some applied scientific areas. These directions exist depending on the type and social purpose of the information discussed in them. The object of study of such “special” sections of computer science is different types of “special” information, and the subject is the patterns of information services within a particular social communication system.

From a general theoretical point of view, the specific meaning of information does not matter for computer science. The object of study of computer science in this context is information as such, and the subject is information processes, that is, the processes of collecting, storing, processing and distributing information, as well as ways to manage these processes and general patterns of influence of information processes on the nature of social communications in society as a whole.

In modern conditions, information systems are complex interconnected computing and telecommunication systems, united in local and global computer networks, designed to satisfy the continuously growing information needs of society.

In recent years, a steady trend has developed towards combining traditional management functions with the functions of managing information resources and information systems of enterprises and institutions. The process of merging these functions into a single management system is due to the need for new, more advanced methods and techniques for processing information in the daily activities of management personnel. It is objectively due to the technological revolution in the field of computing, which contributed to the democratization and accessibility of information systems, turning millions of end users of these systems into information managers.

Taking into account changes in the architecture of information systems and in the principles of organizing information technologies in modern society, the nature of personnel relationships in the process of carrying out production activities is changing, both within a separate enterprise and in the economy as a whole. The most important role of information systems and technologies will continue to be to provide the required level of service to customers and users of these systems through the integration of various information resources.

Therefore, further consideration of the issues of informatization of modern society, the use of new information technologies and the construction of modern information systems on their basis requires a clear definition of such basic concepts of computer science as information technology and information system.

In modern conditions, technologies for collecting and processing information are focused on creating complex computing systems. The purpose of creating such systems is not only the accumulation and storage of information, they are designed to bring the performer and the manager, who is obliged to make management decisions, as close as possible - on the one hand, and information repositories, on the other, wherever they are, at any time. In addition to unhindered access to information, new information exchange technologies provide managers with the opportunity to apply a fundamentally new methodology for optimizing the decision-making process.

Information technology is a purposeful, organized set of various information processes using computer technology, which provides high speed data processing, quick information retrieval, data distribution, and the ability to access information sources regardless of their location.

The concept of “system” in scientific and technical literature is used to define a set of interconnected elements that make up a single whole, the functioning of which is aimed at obtaining a specific useful result. In computer science, it is customary to distinguish between the following types of systems: control system, automated control system, automated information system, automatic information system, etc.

An information system is a communication system built on the basis of the use of modern information technologies that ensure the collection, processing and dissemination of information about a specific object and provide employees at various levels with the information necessary to implement their main functions and make management decisions.

As you can see, the concepts of “information technology” and “information system” are quite closely related. Their main difference lies in the subject area that each of them defines. The concept of “information technology” includes specific implementations of the most common functions for collecting, processing, transmitting and distributing information, regardless of the organizational structure of an enterprise or institution. In turn, an information system is a certain set of various information technologies, focused on the immediate needs of a specific consumer of these technologies.

Today there are a sufficient number of technologies for collecting information, which can be presented in a wide variety of forms (text, specialized and universal structured databases, graphic information, video and audio materials, etc.). There is also a large list of technologies for storing and processing collected information. Regardless of the above technologies, there are many known methods for transmitting and distributing information, which, based on modern telecommunications means, are capable of quickly transmitting data of any format and volume over long distances and at high speed. These structurally independent, disparate technologies, although they have impressive capabilities and high performance indicators, are capable of solving only specific, sometimes quite limited range of problems.

Within the framework of any enterprise or institution that has set itself the goal of making the most of the opportunities provided by these technologies in a complex, we should talk about building specialized information systems on their basis, which contain, as separate elements, a subsystem for the primary collection of information, its storage and processing , transmission and dissemination of information. Each of these subsystems, in turn, contains small subsystems based on the use of certain modern information technologies. For example, a variety of technologies can be used to collect primary data. Text information can be entered into a computer using the following methods and techniques;

manual input of text information;

scanning and recognition of scanned texts;

automated text translation;

automated spell checking.

Entering graphic information can be done in several ways:

manual input of graphic information;

scanning and further manual or machine editing of scanned images;

obtaining and editing graphic images (points, lines, basic geometric shapes) programmatically.

The list of specific ways and methods of collecting, storing, processing and distributing information can be extended, but it depends entirely on the specific needs and tasks facing the institution or enterprise. The specifics of their activities determine the design of a specific information system that operates in a given enterprise or organization. Today, the most common information system is built according to the above methodology.

So, it is advisable to consider modern information technologies in accordance with the solution of specific problems, that is, as elements that make up some information system.

The construction and use of information systems based on modern information banking technologies, technologies in production and socio-economic activities helps to increase labor efficiency and provides a fundamentally new level and new quality of management. Under these conditions, technologies for organizing information processes within the most diverse economic and organizational structures of production and economic activity are radically changing. The management process in the context of the use of information systems is based on new approaches, on fundamentally new economic and organizational models that reflect the structural and dynamic properties of the managed object. In addition, the use of information-cybernetic synthesis methods for the study of complex socio-economic objects allows us to build models adequate to the real world and accurately predict the behavior of the simulated object in a real situation. This makes it possible to effectively manage all the processes occurring inside the object and the processes of its interaction with the outside world.

Based on their application, information systems can be divided into the following classes:

information systems for managing banking processes - carry out management in the system of electronic payments and electronic maintenance of correspondent accounts, accounting and document flow;

information systems for managing technological processes - manage technological equipment in connection with specific production cycles and processes;

information systems for managing organizational processes - multi-level systems that provide information support for managing production, economic and socio-economic processes at all levels of the economic life of society;

scientific research management information systems - provide information support for calculations and scientific experiments;

computer-aided design and construction information systems - provide information, technical and technological base for carrying out design, survey and development work;

educational information systems - provide the information and methodological basis for progressive ways of acquiring knowledge, useful skills and advanced training.

In addition, it is necessary to distinguish between automated and automatic information systems:

a) automated information systems are systems whose operation is characterized by the presence of both manual operations (usually entering initial information) and automatic ones performed using computer technology;

b) automatic information systems are systems in which all functions

collection, processing and distribution of information are performed automatically.

In modern banks, institutions and organizations, as a rule, automated information systems are used, since the share of manual processing of the input information flow is still quite large. Full automation is used mainly to manage banking operations, production and technological processes in industrial enterprises, transport, energy, etc.

Modern requirements for the level of information support for management activities require fundamentally new approaches to solving organizational problems.

technical and technological problems. In this regard, it is necessary to note the most significant factors that determine the effectiveness of the creation and use of new information systems:

Availability of a scientifically based program for building the information infrastructure of an economic facility;

setting and solving specific problems of managing information and technological processes, taking into account specified performance criteria;

creating conditions for organizational and functional interaction of individual structural links of an economic entity;

correspondence of the level of technical equipment of information processes to the level of the model of information interaction within an economic entity;

active participation of a wide range of specialists in the information support system for making management decisions at various hierarchical levels of the management structure.

Today, almost any manager of an enterprise or institution is increasingly aware of the urgent need to use modern information processing technologies. The development and survival of enterprises in conditions of fierce competition is impossible without expanding the scope of application of modern information technologies. Therefore, the management of institutions and enterprises should pay significant attention to the development of information infrastructure, as well as directly participate in the development of information strategy plans for a bank or enterprise.

It is no secret that quite often the issue of coordinating business plans and planning information systems within one business unit are considered completely independent, and their relationship is determined only by the direct costs of acquiring and developing means of automating production processes. This approach, even with a high level of financial support for the information infrastructure of an institution, makes the expected return on investment in the information support of such an institution very doubtful in advance. Only when both planning processes are combined into a single process, while forming a stable and coordinated position of the bank or enterprise management and information systems specialists on the corporate development strategy, can real positive results from the use of computer and telecommunications technology be reliably predicted.

That is why planning the information infrastructure of any bank, enterprise or organization as an integral part of planning general economic activities is the most important stage in determining the strategy for their development in different directions and for different perspectives. In the context of the growing complexity of almost all types of economic activity, the complication and growth of the knowledge intensity of technological processes, the correct formulation of the planning process of corporate information systems is the most important condition for the survival of any business entity in modern conditions.

A properly configured information infrastructure planning process provides real benefits, based on which the information potential of a bank, enterprise or institution can be more rationally used to achieve the main goals of economic activity and the development of the state economy as a whole.

Information and information technologies. Areas of application

Information(from lat. informatio - explanation, presentation) - originally meant information transmitted by people orally, in writing or in other ways using conventional signals, technical means, etc. Information increases a person’s level of awareness of the world around him,

From the middle of the 20th century. information is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world; transfer of characteristics from cell to cell, from organism to organism, one of the basic concepts of cybernetics.

The word “information” is translated into Russian as information or messages. This information can be transmitted and recorded in the form of data by a sequence of various symbols, for example letters of Russian and other alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, arithmetic operations, etc. However, it is known that any messages can be transmitted and recorded by encoding them using only two characters , for example, dots and dashes in Morse code, zeros and ones in computers.

The physical medium in which information can be recorded or accumulated for subsequent reading, analysis and processing is called an information medium.

Types of information:

1) according to the method of perception: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory;
2) by presentation form: text, numerical, graphic;
3) by social significance: mass, everyday, socio-political, aesthetic;
4) special, scientific, industrial, personal.

Information is the primary concept. It can be argued that this concept presupposes the presence of a material carrier of information, a source of information, an information transmitter, a receiver and a communication channel between the source and the receiver. The peculiarity of this concept is that it is used in all areas without exception: in philosophy, natural and human sciences, biology, medicine and physiology, human and animal psychology, sociology, art, technology and economics, in everyday life. Therefore, the specific interpretation of the elements associated with the concept of “information” depends on the method of a particular science, the purpose of the study, or simply on our everyday ideas.

When talking about quantity (a lot of information, little information), we cannot say what the volume (or amount) of information received is. From a computer's point of view, the answer is simple: one bit (yes or no, 1 or 0). But a person is not a computer, and for him the amount of information received is related to the “surprise coefficient,” which, in turn, depends on the person’s prior knowledge. The amount of information received varies depending on the probability of the event, which also depends on many factors.

Data - see section 1.2.

The difference between the concepts of “information” and “data” is that information is dealt with by a person who is interested in its content and meaning, while data is dealt with, as a rule, by a technical system that processes it regardless of the content or meaning. Information is encoded using data.

A person processes information at at least three levels: at the physiological level (using the senses), at the level of rational thinking, and at the subconscious level. The processing process is extremely complex; it depends on a person’s life experience, erudition, profession, interest in certain information, etc.

A special problem is the process of human development of new information (scientific or artistic). New information is useful not only for general development, it helps to understand how the processes of information processing by man and computer are related to each other and how man himself is connected with the global information space. In the process of obtaining new information, we are already talking about gaining knowledge.

Knowledge - see section 1.2. Knowledge can be empirical, theoretical, everyday, pre-scientific, scientific, etc. (see also Chapter 6).

Information process - the process that results in the reception, transmission, transformation, protection, search, storage and use of information. Information processes: search, collection, storage, processing, transmission, use, protection of information.

Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge embodied in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, methods of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements or standards.

Information technology - see section 1.2.

The purpose of information technology is the production of information for its analysis and based on it, making a decision to perform any action.

In modern society, the main technical means of information processing is the personal computer. The introduction of the PC into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications determined a new stage in the development of information technology, which from that moment on received the names “new” and “computer”. The term “new” emphasizes its radically innovative rather than evolutionary nature. Its implementation significantly changes the content of various types of activities in institutions and organizations. The scope of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transmission of information by various means, such as telephone, telegraph, television, fax, etc. The definition of “computer” emphasizes that the main technical means of its implementation is a computer. There are three basic principles of computer information technology:

interactive (dialogue) mode of working with a computer;
integration with other software products;
flexible change of data and assigned tasks.

The technological process of material production is implemented using various technical means: equipment, machines, tools, conveyor lines, etc. By analogy, in information technology, the role of technical means of information production is played by hardware, software and mathematical support for this process. With their participation, primary information is processed into information of a new quality.

Toolkit information technology is a set of software products that are used to achieve a goal set by the user. All known general-purpose software products (word processor, desktop publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, etc.) can be classified as tools.

The most common are the following information technologies:

text information processing;
processing of numerical information;
processing of graphic information;
databases and data banks, including educational ones;
application packages;
expert training systems;
multimedia;
virtual reality systems, including simulators;
artificial intelligence systems;
telecommunication systems, including the Internet.

Information technologies are widely used

in various spheres of human activity. They are often used in automated information systems.

Information system - an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel involved in data processing.

Information systems can be open and closed.

In an open information system, the information received by the consumer is used freely. In a closed information system, there is a close connection between information and its structures and consumers.

The structure of any information system consists of a set of supporting and functional subsystems. Supporting subsystems include:

1) technical support;
2) software;
3) software;
4) information support;
5) legal, organizational and other support.

The presence of functional subsystems depends on the target

purpose of the system. Currently, automated information systems are widespread.

Examples of implementation of automated systems.

ACS - automated control systems - a set of technical and software tools that, in interaction with humans, organize the management of objects in production or the public sphere. For example, ASU-VUZ, etc.

APCS - automated process control systems. For example, controlling the operation of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine, the process of launching a spacecraft, etc.

ASNI - automated systems for scientific research - a hardware and software complex in which scientific instruments are interfaced with a computer, measurement data is entered into it automatically, and the computer processes this data and presents it in the most convenient form for the researcher.

AOS - automated training systems. They help students master new material, monitor knowledge, teachers prepare educational materials, etc.

CAD - automatic design systems - a hardware and software complex that, in interaction with a person (designer, engineer, architect, etc.) allows you to design mechanisms, buildings, components of complex units, etc. as efficiently as possible.

Diagnostic systems in medicine, systems for organizing ticket sales, accounting and financial activities, editorial and publishing activities, etc. are widely used.

The process of transition from industrial society to information society began in the 2nd half of the 20th century. and was called “informatization”, i.e. the process of creation, development and universal use of tools and technologies that ensure the achievement and maintenance of the level of awareness of all members of society. Informatization becomes a strategic resource of society and occupies a key place in the economy. The information society must have a highly developed information environment, which includes human activities in the creation, processing, transmission and accumulation of information.

Main characteristics of the information society:

1. 80% of workers are employed in the production, storage, processing, exchange, sale of information and information services.
2. Any member of society is provided with access to the information he needs in accordance with the law.
3. Information is the most important strategic resource, occupying a key place in the economy, education, culture, i.e. in all spheres.

The information society is a society of structure, the technical base and human potential of which are adapted for the optimal transformation of knowledge into an information resource and the processing of the latter in order to transform passive forms into active ones. In the information society, most working people are engaged in the production, storage, processing, sale and exchange of information.

rules and methods for using computer technology in various areas of human activity

4) social informatics:

the impact of new information technologies and the development of computer technology on the life of society

The structure of the computer science subject area is presented in more detail in the table on the next page.

Computer science studies the processes of creating and processing information, solving problems that are associated with the use of computers and office equipment, thanks to the development of which it appeared.

Purpose of computer science– acquiring knowledge about information systems (that is, systems in which the processes of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing and transmitting information take place), as well as determining the general principles for the construction and operation of these systems.

Main function of computer science– finding and using means and methods of information processing.

Informatics tasks:

creation of equipment and technologies for information transformation;

solving problems arising in the development and use of information technologies and computer equipment;

research of information processes

The role of computer science in the modern world is growing as there is a transition to an information society

Information society characterized by the following features:

the majority of workers are engaged not in the production of material goods, but in the production and processing of information

the majority of the population's needs are related to obtaining information

the standard of living is largely determined by access to information resources

the volume of information processed increases sharply

the information capacity of manufactured products increases, i.e. More and more information is required to produce products

The process of transition from an industrial society to an information society is called informatization

Computer science is one of the youngest sciences. She studies the properties and patterns of information, methods of its use in human life.

The history of the development of computer science begins with the appearance of the first electronic computers in the late 40s - early 50s of the twentieth century. These were the first computers to run on vacuum tubes. Closer to the 60s, discrete semiconductor computers were invented. And in the mid-60s, cars equipped with integrated circuits appeared.

The history of the development of information systems is closely connected with the fact that it has always been difficult for a person to perform complex mathematical calculations in his head or on paper. The inquisitive minds of people sought to automate computational processes by using the simplest abacus and slide rule. And finally, in 1642, Pascal created an eight-bit adding mechanism. After 2 centuries, Charles de Colmar improved it to an adding machine, which performed more complex mathematical operations in the form of multiplication and division. Accountants were delighted with this invention.

But the actual history of the development of information technology begins with a presentation of the ideas that formed the basis of modern computers in 1833 by the Englishman Charles Babbage. He was the first to use punched cards, the holes of which served to transmit information. These were the first steps of programming.

The history of the development of information systems was continued in 1888 by American engineer Herman Hollerith, who authored the first electromechanical calculating machine. It was tested during the census in 1890 and amazed with its results and speed of calculation. While this amount of work previously required 500 employees to pore over the numbers for seven years in a row, Hollerith, who gave each of his 43 assistants a calculating machine, completed this amount of work within one month.

The history of the development of information technology is also grateful to Hollerith for the fact that he founded the company, which later became known as IBM and today is a giant of world computerization. Its employees, together with scientists from Harvard University, built the first electronic computer in 1940, which they called “Mark-1”. This giant weighed 35 tons, and the customer of the computer was the US military department. The machine calculated in the binary system. She spent only one second on 300 multiplication operations and 5000 addition operations. But the lamps quickly failed and this problem was solved by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, the inventors of semiconductor transistors.

Thus, the history of the development of computer science has come to the point of a radical reduction in the size of computers, and their next generation was significantly smaller. And the speed of computing abilities has increased 10 times.

Further, the entire history of the development of computer science in the world will be connected with the miniaturization of computers. And first the American company DIGITAL EQUIPMENT, then the company INTEL, succeeds in this regard. And in the mid-70s of the twentieth century, personal computers from the now famous company APPLE appeared.

The history of the development of computer science in our country begins with a small electronic calculating machine (MSEM), which performed 50 operations per second. Its designer was Sergei Aleksandrovich Lebedev. Her path in our fatherland was quite thorny. And today we can no longer imagine a full life without the use of computers. And if you look back, very little time has passed. Thus, technical thought is even ahead of its time. PC,

laptops and netbooks are a special feature of the modern era.

The main research methods in computer science are:

– system information analysis as a specification of the system approach;

– information modeling as a specification of the general scientific method of modeling;

– a computer experiment as a type of computational experiment characteristic of all sciences.

The rapid increase in the volume of information existing and circulating in society confronts modern man with the problem of the ability to work with it: find, select what is needed, store, package and quickly retrieve from storage, process and transform. Moreover, information can increasingly be presented not only in text, the most familiar form, but also as video and audio materials, diagrams and animated graphics, etc. Mastery of methods, techniques and means of working with information is becoming one of the main professionally important

The concept of information, types of information. Its properties

The term information comes from the Latin word informatio, which means “information, explanation, presentation.”

Information is such a general and deep concept that it cannot be explained in one phrase. This word has different meanings in technology, science and in everyday situations.

In everyday life, information refers to any data or information that interests someone, for example, a message about any events, about someone’s activities, etc. “Inform” in this sense means “to report something previously unknown.”

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE 1. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. BASIC CONCEPTS

Informatics is a scientific and practical direction that studies methods and methods of accumulating, processing and transmitting information using a computer (computer) and other technical means.

The main goal of computer science is the creation of a material and technical base to meet the information needs of the industrial and business spheres, government bodies and other areas of public activity.

The word “information” (from the Latin “informatio” – information, presentation, explanation) means a message about an event, object, phenomenon, etc.

Information refers to abstract, unambiguously undefined concepts.

Information theory uses the following definition:

Information is information that should remove to some extent the uncertainty in the understanding of the object by the recipient of the information that existed before its receipt.

Data – information presented in a formalized form.

A computer is a universal means of storing and processing data.

bit bi nary digi t) is the amount of information that reduces the uncertainty exactly by half and is contained in a message with two possible equally probable outcomes of the type “yes” or “no”. A bit is the basic unit of measuring the amount of information.

Economic information is an important component of management information and reflects socio-economic processes in the production and non-production spheres.

Main features of economic information:

 use of quantitative quantities and digital values;

 reusable – cyclical;

 reflection in tangible media - in documents, on computer magnetic media, transmission via communication channels;

 volume.

In relation to the processing and storage processes, the following types of economic information are distinguished: initial, derivative, intermediate, resulting.

From the point of view of the reflected management functions, economic information is divided into planning, forecasting, regulatory, design and technological, accounting, and financial.

Code (code) – a rule that describes the mapping of one set of characters to another (standard).

Coding is the operation of identifying symbols of one code with symbols of another code.

Binary coding – two character encoding. In a computer, coding is carried out using two characters “0” and “1”, i.e. One digit can be written in one bit - “0” or “1”.

In computer memory, 1 byte = 8 bits is allocated to store one character. Eight-bit binary code can encode 256 characters.

Example of binary character encoding in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII):

0 – 0011 0000, 1 – 0011 0001,

A – 0100 0001, + - 0010 1011

The theoretical aspect of computer science is the methodology of information activity in the conditions of mass computerization.

Practical aspect of computer science – information technology for the effective use of a set of technical means for specific applications.

Information technology is a system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing, transmitting and issuing information.

Information technology for solving economic problems integrates various technologies and consists of the following procedures:

 collection and registration of information;

 transfer of information to the place of processing;

 machine coding of information;

 data storage and retrieval;

 computational data processing;

 replication and use of information.

The technology of electronic information processing with the help of computer technology is the process of performing interrelated operations performed in an established sequence in order to transform the original (primary) information into the resulting one.

Security questions:

1. What does computer science study?

2. What are the theoretical and practical aspects of computer science?

3. What is the relationship between information and data?

4. What are the main features and types of economic information?

5. What is the operation of encoding information?

6. What are bits and bytes?

7. What is binary coding?

8. What is information technology?

9. What basic procedures does information technology for solving economic problems include?

10. What is electronic information processing technology?

SECTION 2. TECHNICAL AND SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING INFORMATION PROCESSES

Structural and functional organization of computers

Information processing and presentation of processing results in a form convenient for perception is carried out using computer technology:

 electronic computers (computers);

 computer systems (CS);

 computer networks.

An electronic computer (computer) is a set of technical means built on electronic elements and designed to automate the process of accumulating and processing information.

The generalized block diagram of a computer consists of the following main functional blocks:

 information input device (IDU);

 storage device (storage device);

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU);

 control device (CU);

 information output device (Alas).

The main information input devices are a keyboard, a mouse, a scanner (for entering images from paper or slides), and a digitizer (for entering outline images).

The storage device is designed to store programs and data necessary to solve a problem, as well as intermediate and final results of calculations.

Computer memory is divided into internal and external according to its functional purpose and method of organization.

Basic units for measuring computer memory capacity:

1 byte = 8 bits

1 KB = 1024 bytes

1 MB = 1024 KB

1 GB = 1024 MB

1 TB = 1024 GB

External memory consists of random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM).

RAM or RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to store information (programs and data) during its immediate processing. At any time, you can access a randomly selected RAM cell. RAM has high speed, relatively small capacity (at least 64 MB) and is volatile, i.e. The information in it is erased when the power is turned off.

ROM or ROM (Read Only Memory) contains permanent service information used to automatically check the computer's functionality when the power is turned on, load programs from disk that enable the computer to operate, and perform basic input/output operations. ROM is non-volatile.

External memory (magnetic disks and tapes) is used for long-term storage of large amounts of information. It has a relatively low operating speed, practically unlimited volume and is non-volatile.

The ALU performs arithmetic operations on numbers and logical operations on number codes using Boolean algebra.

The control unit determines the sequence of operations in the process of solving a problem and controls the interaction of computer devices.

The central processing unit (CPU) is a combination of a control device, an arithmetic-logical unit and internal memory. The main companies (firms) producing microprocessors: Intel, AMD, Cyrix, IDT, etc.

All computer components are connected to each other through standard interfaces - methods of connecting and interacting objects (ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP, IEEE1394, etc.)

The computing process on a computer is carried out based on the principle of program control.

The main information output devices (Uvyv) are a display, a printer, and a plotter (plotter). Information can also be displayed on a large screen through a special projector.

Computer software

A program is a finite sequence of instructions (commands, instructions) indicating the order of their execution, providing a solution to a problem.

Scientific and technological progress and the development of computer technology have led to the need to determine general methods for the formation and uniform solution of classes of control problems based on the development of complexes of universal algorithms.

An algorithm is a final system of instructions addressed to a performer (human or computer), which uniquely defines the process of sequential problem solving.

The algorithmic principle underlies the operation of a computer, because a program for solving a problem on a computer is written on the basis of an appropriate algorithm.

The machine algorithm must have the following properties:

 determinism – unambiguity and accuracy of the algorithm’s instructions;

 discreteness – the possibility of dividing the algorithmic process into separate elementary stages-steps;

 effectiveness – completion of the algorithm in a finite number of steps for any acceptable initial data;

 mass character – the ability to use the algorithm to solve many problems of a given class.

There are several ways to describe algorithms: verbal, formulaic-verbal, graphical, etc.

When constructing algorithms of any complexity, three main types of algorithmic structures are used: linear, branching and cyclic.