I changed the motherboard and Windows 7 does not start. Replacing the motherboard and starting the system
Most often, users use email or Skype to exchange small files online. However, when you need to send an archive of photographs or a film several gigabytes in size, these services cannot be used. Public file sharing also creates some difficulties, for example, waiting for a timer and limiting the speed. The best solution in this case is to create your own FTP server.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transferring information on the Internet and local computer networks. This is a program that makes a remote connection to a dedicated folder for viewing and sharing files, including large ones. Data exchange is possible from a computer to a remote server and between other FTP servers.
Data is transmitted without traffic encryption, so attackers can easily gain access to logins and passwords. For secure file transfer, it is recommended to use a TLS-protected protocol - FTPS, which encrypts data.
Your own FTP server has certain advantages:
- allows you to manage the server and its resources;
- provide users with different access rights;
- it does not require a static IP address.
- no speed limits;
- lack of payment to the hoster for hosting it;
The software is selected according to the complexity of the access. To create an FTP server for private use with minimal settings, free software packages are quite suitable.
Microsoft has added Internet Information Services (IIS) to Windows 7, which allows users to share access to a folder from the network. Therefore, to create an FTP server for Windows 7, you do not need to install any additional software.
Installing an FTP server
Some standard features that are not used very often are disabled by default in Windows 7. Therefore, in order to activate them, you need to follow a number of steps.
To create an FTP server on Windows 7 you need to:
- Click “Start” and open the “Control Panel” section. For ease of viewing, you can select the “Small icons” mode.
- Go to the "Programs and Features" section, where you select "Turn Windows features on or off."
- In the list of the menu that opens, you need to select the components that should be activated by checking the box next to them. This is the “FTP Server” folder, there are two items in it: “FTP Extensibility” and “FTP Service”, as well as the “Website Management Tools” folder, and in it is the “IIS Management Console”. To start, click OK.
Setting up an FTP server
- Now you need to go through “Start” to “Control Panel” again.
- Find the “Administration” section and open “IIS Services Manager” in this section.
- Go to the “Sites” tab, right-click on the name, select “Add FTP sites” from the list.
- In the new window you need to specify the name of the future FTP server and the path to the directory with its data. You can proceed to the next configuration step by clicking the “Next” button.
- Now the server parameters are set. In the IP address field, select the one you need from the list. You can bind it to a specific address or make extended access by selecting “All free”. In this case, the standard port 21 should be checked. If you plan to constantly use the FTP server, then you should check the “Launch FTP site automatically” checkbox. Select the “No SSL” option; you can enable it later if necessary. Click “Next” again.
- In a new window, the authorization type is specified. In the “Authentication” item, you can allow login for regular or anonymous users. Here you can configure rights for them. Click "Done".
After the installation is complete, a new FTP server will appear in the “Sites” section.
Setting up Windows Firewall
Now it is imperative to configure the Windows Firewall to open ports and allow services to function.
Go back to Control Panel, then Windows Firewall. Find the "Advanced Settings" section.
In it, select “Rules for incoming connections”. It is recommended to set them to passive mode. To do this, right-click and enable the “FTP Server Passive” and “FTP Server (incoming traffic)” rules. In the same way, for outgoing connections, enable the “FTP-Server” rule in the appropriate section.
Connecting users
In order for users to access the server, they must be connected.
- In the “Control Panel” tab, open the “Administration” folder.
Administration section
- Find the Computer Management section, then go to the Local Users folder. Right-click on the “Groups” line and select the “Create Group” function. In the new window, specify the name and short description of the group and click “Create”.
- Now you can connect users to the created group. In the “Local Users” folder, right-click on the “Users” line and select “New” from the menu list. Fill in the fields by entering your name and password, and here you should check the box to prohibit changing the password.
- To connect a user, right-click on his account and select “Properties” from the menu list, then the “Group Membership” tab and the “Add” button. Find the created group, add and click OK. This procedure must be performed for all server users.
- The next step is to determine the access rights of group users to the working directory. To do this, go to the “Site” directory, right-click on the name and open “Properties”. Next - the “Security” tab, in the “Change” item, specify the name of the group and click OK. Then you need to configure user rights.
- Enter the “IIS Services Manager”, right-click on the line “FTP Authorization Rules”, add an allowing rule. You can allow users to write and delete data, or you can only read.
Server installation and configuration is complete. However, now you need to know how to log into the FTP server.
Standard Windows features make this easy. Just open the “My Computer” folder, then specify the path to the server in the address bar.
Another way is to create a shortcut for connecting to FTP on your computer desktop.
To do this, open the “Control Panel”, right-click the “Network Neighborhood” section. In tasks, select “Add a new element to the network environment”, then click on “Select another network location” and “Next”. Now a shortcut will appear in the “Network Location” section, which you just need to drag and drop onto your desktop.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transferring files in TCP networks. Today it is used primarily for downloading information from a client device to hosting servers. Consider a Windows 7 FTP server.
The protocol was created in 1971, long before the advent of the TCP/IP stack, which was released only in the late 70s.
Initially, in its first edition, the protocol used the same channel for transmitting commands and transmitting data.
But already in 1972, the protocol became very similar to the one we are dealing with today - for the exchange between the server and the client, a separate control channel is created, which operates on port 21, data is transferred via a data channel, for which a separate connection is created.
The latest version of the protocol was presented in 1985.
A significant disadvantage of FTP are numerous security vulnerabilities, a list of which was compiled and published in 1999: the problem of port hijacking, username protection, low resistance to brute force, spoof, sniff, and hidden attacks.
Data transfer using FTP is carried out in clear text, without traffic encryption, thus, access to logins, passwords, control commands, etc. can be obtained by third parties who are able to intercept the packet over the network.
This problem is typical for all earlier versions of protocols (for example, email SMTP, POP, IMAP) developed before the advent of SSL and TLS encryption mechanisms.
In this article, we will look at creating an FTP server based on Windows 7.
Step 1: Install the FTP component
1.2. In the search field, enter “Programs and Features,” without quotes.
1.3. Select the appropriate menu item.
1.4. In the window that appears, in the left column, go to the “Turn Windows components on or off” menu.
1.5. Select the Windows components that should be installed - FTP server and IIS Management Console.
Step 2. Configure the FTP server
2.2. In the search field, enter “Administration”, without quotes.
2.3. Select the appropriate menu item.
2.4. In the window that appears, go to the “IIS Services Manager” menu.
2.5 Go to the “sites” tab, right-click and select “Add FTP site”.
2.6. We enter the name of the FTP server and the path to the folder in which the information will be stored, and proceed to the next setting item - “Next”. As an example, a subdirectory ftpsw7 was created.
2.7. In the IP address selection field, select the desired IP address from the list. If you need to share a folder for all available subnets, select “All free”. We leave the standard port (21) unchanged.
If you plan to use the FTP server on an ongoing basis, check the “Launch FTP site automatically” checkbox. Select "No SSL".
2.8. We select basic authentication and leave the authorization field unchanged. This completes the FTP server setup.
After configuration, the newly created FTP server will appear in the “sites” menu.
Step 3: Firewall Settings
To open the appropriate ports and allow FTP server services, you must configure the Windows Firewall settings. For this:
3.2. In the search field, enter “Firewall”, without quotes.
3.3. Select the appropriate menu item.
3.4. Go to the “Rules for incoming connections” menu and enable two rules regarding the operation of the FTP server.
3.5. To enable, you need to right-click on each of the rules and select “Enable Rule” from the menu.
3.6. After activating the rule, its color will change to green, and the “Enabled” field will be marked “Yes”.
3.7. Let's move on to the rules for outgoing connections and, as in the previous paragraph, activate the FTP Server (FTP Traffic-Out) rule.
This completes the firewall configuration for the FTP server.
Step 4: Create FTP users and assign rights
4.2. In the search field, enter “Computer Management”, without quotes.
4.3. Select the appropriate menu item.
4.4. Go to the menu located in the left column - “Local users”. Right-click on “Groups” and select “Create Group”.
4.5. Let’s call the group “FTP users”, and in the description field we’ll give it a short description so that after a while you can quickly remember the purpose of this group.
4.6. Let's create users for whom the FTP server will be available. To do this, in the previous menu “Local Users”, right-click on the “Users” item, select “New User” and fill in the fields as shown in the figure.
4.7. After this, you need to add users to the previously created “FTP users” group.
To do this, right-click on the user account, select “Properties”, “Group Membership” tab, “Add” button, “Advanced”, “Search”, select a group, click “OK”.
This operation must be performed for all users who will have access to the FTP server.
4.8. The next step is to set access rights for the “FTP users” group.
To do this, you need to go to the FTP server directory (section 2.6), right-click on it, “Properties”, “Security” tab, “Add”, “Advanced”, “Search”, select the “FTP users” group, “OK”, select “Full access”, “OK”.
To create a server using the FTP protocol, it is not necessary to use any specific operating system, such as Windows Server. Any user can now set up a server on their Windows 7 computer that uses the FTP data transfer protocol. In this article you will learn how to configure it, how to connect FTP so that the computer sees the server as a network drive, how to open the host in Explorer and which client to use in your work.
Creating a server with FTP protocol in Windows 7
Microsoft has added this feature to Windows 7 by default. Therefore, to create a server, you don’t even have to download any additional software from the Internet. You will need to go to “Start”, from there to “Control Panel” and to the “Programs and Features” tab to set up FTP.
The fact is that some standard features of Windows 7 are automatically disabled. They do this because not every user of this operating system is engaged, for example, in creating an FTP server. Therefore, go to the “Turn Windows components on or off” section on the side. A list of folders will appear in front of you. Find the “FTP Server” folder, there are two directories inside it: “FTP Extensibility” and “FTP Service”; and below in the “Website Management Tools” directory - “IIS Management Console”. You need to check the box next to the specified folders and then click OK - the services will be activated.
Next, you again need to go to the “Control Panel” and find the “Administration” section. After adding new services, a new item appeared there - “IIS Services Manager” - open it. Find the “Sites” tab, and then click on “Add FTP sites” to create a server. Next, you need to configure data about your site: specify its name and the physical path to the server data. The next step is to specify a non-standard port for the server if you wish, and enable or disable automatic FTP startup in Windows. It is recommended to immediately disable SSL; if you need it in the future, you can connect it.
Server configuration is completed at the point of determining the authorization type. You can allow anonymous or regular users to log in, and also configure rights for different types of authorization. After that, click “Finish” and the site installation is complete.
After you have successfully created an FTP site, you must configure the Windows firewall. To do this, you need to open the “Control Panel” again, find the “Firewall” item, find the “Advanced settings” section and the “Rules for incoming connections” item. It is recommended to immediately set up a passive mode for incoming connections, since setting the active mode is an unpredictable option - your router or firewall may start to “quarrel” and not a single client will be able to connect to the server. Therefore, check the boxes “FTP Server Passive” and “FTP server (incoming traffic)”. Also go to “Rules for outgoing connections” and check the box next to “FTP Server”.
In order for other people to use your server, you need to connect new users. This can be done through the “Administration” panel in the “Computer Management” tab, where in the “Local Users” section there is a “Groups” item. Right-click on “Groups” and select “Create Group.” Enter a name and description for the group and click on “Create”. Now you need to add users and connect them to the created group. Enter any name, enter the password twice and prohibit the user from changing it.
To connect users to a group, right-click on one of them and select “Properties”. Next, go to Group Membership and select Add. Find the group you created earlier, add it and click OK.
In order for the created users to be able to open the folder with the site and gain access to it, it is necessary to configure the server security settings - add a group of trusted users.
To do this, find the root directory of the site and right-click “Properties”. Open the Security tab and click Edit. Specify the name of the created user group and OK. Then configure permissions for the added group. After this, all you have to do is go to the “IIS Services Manager” and find the “FTP Authorization Rules” item and add an allowing rule, after which the server can be considered successfully created and activated!
How to connect the created server as a network drive, how to open FTP in Explorer and which client to choose
If you don’t want to constantly search for a folder on your computer, but want to connect the site as a network drive, then go to “My Computer”. At the top of the control panel you will see the “Service” item. Click on it, and then select “Map network drive” from the drop-down list. In the window that opens, select the letter under which the network drive will be created, and also check the “Restore at logon” option. Below, select the “Connect to site...” link. In the window that opens, find “Select another network location” and specify the FTP address where the disk will be directed. Specify your password and login, and you’re done—the disk has been created.
And to open the server in Explorer, go to “My Computer”. Next, in Explorer, select “Add a new element to the network...” Click “Select another network...”. Then a form for entering an FTP address will appear in Explorer. Enter the address and keep clicking “Next”. As a result, you will be able to access the FTP server in Explorer.
We've sorted out how to open a host in Explorer, and now let's look at the best client. Such a client is FileZilla. This client can be downloaded for free and it works very quickly when compared to other similar programs. The FileZilla client is the client of choice for most Windows users. There is no reason for you not to choose it.
FTP is a very convenient way to exchange various information with someone. By installing an FTP server, you can both receive files and share your files with others. Everything is very convenient to configure; on a remote computer, your FTP server looks like a regular folder, from where you can even copy the necessary files using Explorer.
There are several different programs for making an FTP server from your computer. They differ in capabilities, reliability, security, settings and licenses. In my opinion, some of the best servers for Windows are Serv-U and Gene 6.
The choice of software is a personal matter for everyone, but on this page I will tell you how to configure Serv-U 6 series (version 6.4.x.x).
System requirements
- Computer, almost any kind.
- Internet, with external IP address, if you are going to exchange or distribute data over the Internet, or anyone if you need to exchange data within a local network.
- It is advisable to have unlimited traffic, but this is also possible with limited traffic - they usually only take into account incoming traffic, and all outgoing traffic is free. The ratio is somewhere around 50 to 1, that is, for every 50 megabytes of traffic downloaded from you, 1 megabyte of reverse traffic will be downloaded to you (FTP commands, various technical information). Well, if it is pumped onto you, then vice versa.
- It is necessary to have several ports open. According to the FTP standard, 2 ports are required: 21 for transmitting commands and a certain range of upper ports (say, from 2000 to 3000) for transmitting the actual data. If port 21 is closed to entry (for example, Moscow Stream filters incoming traffic on this port, covering it up with concern for user protection, and this filtering cannot be disabled), then it can be transferred to another. But in this case, you will need to specify the port when giving the link: “ftp://dimonius.homeip.net:22/” for port 22.
- If you have a router (LAN-ADSL modem or WiFi modem), then additional configuration may be required so that the modem transmits data via the ports specified in the previous paragraph to the computer and back (this is strictly individual for each router, so I will not raise it here this question).
It should be taken into account that the speed of your outgoing channel will be divided among all downloaders, so you should calculate resources and set adequate limits on the number of downloaders and speed.
There is also a chance that your antivirus will warn you that you are installing an FTP server, which will be used to access files on your computer (usually they define it as “Program.Serv-U”), this is normal and you don’t need to pay attention pay attention to this.
Installation and initial configuration of Serv-U
- Download Serv-U from my FTP, or from the manufacturer’s website.
- We install. The installation is no different from installing other programs - you just need to specify the installation folder and click "Next" several times.
- The FTP server consists of a service and a management program. After installation, in the last step you will be prompted to launch the administration module (Start Serv-U Administrator program checkbox), check the box and the setup wizard will start.
- Answer step by step:
- Enable small images with menu items — Yes
- IP address - empty
- Domain name - " Local"
- Install as system service - Yes
- Allow anonymous access — Yes
- Anonymous home directory is the initial folder where all FTP accounts will start. For example " c:\FTP" (the folder must be created with Explorer).
- Lock anonymous users in to their home directory — Yes
- Create named account - No
- The initial setup has been completed, and the main window of the server setup program will open.
- To begin with, it’s a good idea to register the program (the line in the tree on the left is License).
- Next, select Settings and configure 3 tabs there: “General”, “Dir Cache” and “Advanced” according to the illustrations.
- The "Activity" tab serves to control users. On it you can see who is currently logged into the server, who is downloading what, and through “Spy User” with the right mouse button you can track the actions of a specific user from the moment of login.
- Select "Local" in "Domains". Global server settings appear on the right, which we configured through the setup wizard. If necessary, then you can then change them or create a new server with different settings (for example, on a different port or if you have several network cards, on different IP addresses for different subnets).
- Now we will configure the “Local” branch in “Domains” one by one.
- Select "Settings" and configure the bookmarks one by one.
- The "General" tab is configured according to the picture.
- "Virtual Path" is a very important bookmark, and you will need it more than once. A virtual file system is configured on it. That is, regardless of where the folder is physically located (on which disk and in which subfolder) on the FTP server you can place them and name them whatever you want, without affecting physical names and positions.
We will be interested in the top sign "Virtual path mapping", the bottom one is used to create links to already added files and folders (let's say you want to add 1 folder to 2 subfolders at once on an FTP server). Click the "Add" button under the top list and enter:
- Physical path - path to the real folder or file. You can select through the button with a box to the right of the input field. For example, enter "C:\Video\"
- Map physical path to - the path to which we will attach our folder. Relatively " C:\FTP", which we entered in paragraph 4.6. In our example, it will be "C:\FTP", and then when entering the server, role users will see the "Video" subfolder in their folder.
- Mapped file name is the name that the user will see. For our example, let's say "Movies" rather than the abstract "Video".
- In the same way, we add the remaining folders to which we are going to give access later.
- On "Dir access" you can add IP addresses and subnets that will be allowed access or, conversely, denied access to the current server. This is used if someone is trying to hack the entire server, or you have several servers and you need to prevent people from one subnet from logging into another server. In most cases, everything here will be empty.
- "Messages" - you can configure the messages that the server will report when connecting, leaving the client, and in some other cases.
- "Logging" - here you can leave the default checkboxes, only in the "Log file name" field, through the "browse" button, select any file (say Log.txt in the folder where the server is installed), and check the "Enable logging to file" checkbox at the bottom . This will allow you to see who did what and who drained and filled what. Do not forget to clean the log file from time to time, otherwise it will grow to a very large size.
- "UL/DL Ratios" - allows you to configure the ratio of uploaded to downloaded, but is usually configured for specific users, and not for the server as a whole.
- On the "Advanced" tab, leave all the checkboxes as default.
- The "Activity" section duplicates the same section above, only for users of a specific server. Since the server is usually configured on one computer alone, this section completely duplicates the same section above.
- Setting up users and groups is described in the next section.
- Don't forget to open ports 21, 2000-2500 on your firewall. Setting up an FTP server without protecting your computer with a firewall is not the best idea.
- If you have a router, then in the “Port Mapping” (or simply “Mapping”) section in the web interface you need to indicate the port number and specify to translate them to the IP address of your computer. In this case, the computer must have a static address - this is done in the Windows connection properties (Start - Settings - Network Connections - Local Area Connection (right mouse button) - Properties - Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - Properties)
Setting up users and access
- Select the "Users" branch in the Serv-U administrator and click Ins. Next, you should one by one indicate the user's login (it is better to use English letters and numbers), password, user's initial folder (which will be shown to him after the login, that is, the folder that we selected in paragraph 4.6 of the section "Installation and initial configuration of Serv-U") , and answer “Yes” to the question “Lock user into home dir”.
- If you select the created user, then on the “Account” tab you can configure to change the login and password, temporarily block the account (the “Disable Account” checkbox), indicate which groups the user and his home directory belong to.
- On the "General" tab you can configure basic user settings:
- "Requre secure connection" - require a secure connection. Need not.
- "Hide hidden files" - do not show hidden files. Usually not needed.
- "Always allow login" - not needed.
- "Allow only X logins from one IP" - allow only X logins from one IP. It is recommended to put 2-4 on general accounts and not on personal accounts.
- "Allow user to change password" - allow the user to change the password. It is not needed on general accounts; you can put it on personal accounts.
- The "Dir Access" tab shows the folders to which the user will have access. First, the folders must be added to the virtual path settings (section "Installation and initial configuration of Serv-U", paragraph 13). There, for each folder, the type of access to this folder is checked: listing (list), reading files (read), writing (write), creating files (create), delete (delete), launch (execute). The same thing, in addition to launching, is also true for subdirectories; in addition, there is a checkbox “including nested ones” (Inherit), so that the same settings apply to subfolders and files. Some folders and files here may be present on a gray background - this is what the user has access to as a member of the groups.
- The "IP Access" tab regulates IP access. If you want to give yourself personal access to important folders, say from work, then it makes sense to limit access by individual entrepreneur - only from work or only from home. Even if you accidentally pick up a Trojan or someone uses a sniffer to find out your password, they will not be able to infect your sites or steal important data.
- You can set ratios on “UL/DL Ratios”, that is, set the condition that until you are flooded with a certain number of megabytes, you will not be able to drain it. The proportions can be adjusted, which is convenient when you want to force people to share with you. True, no one guarantees that something large and completely unnecessary will not be uploaded to you, such as a Windows page file or some uncompressed video), as well as regulating how much you can upload by volume so that one user does not completely fill up your disk.
- And finally, on the “Quota” tab you can set limits on the disk space allocated to this account (so that users do not fill the entire disk)
Passwords for general access can be set to simple, but for accounts with important data complex ones - from small and capital letters, numbers and special characters.
Setting up DynDns
If you distribute data on the Internet and you have a dynamic IP, then a problem arises. When reconnecting, the address changes and you need to somehow find out the new one. Constantly editing information about the IP address is not convenient for both the server owner and clients. To solve the problem, you can register on the special DynDns website. After free registration, you will be given a third-level name with a second-level domain of your choice (such as dimonius.homeip.net or dimonius.dyndns.org), this service has a lot of different domains and there is plenty to choose from. Then a small program is installed on the computer where account data is entered and when reconnecting it updates the data on the DynDns website and the name always refers to the current IP address. if you have a router, then many of them can work with DynDns right out of the box - just go to the appropriate item in the router’s Web interface and enter your account information.
To register and set up a domain you need:
- Go to the DynDns website, to the registration form.
- Enter your nickname, password, email. Select a subdomain of your site.
- Download the program from here and install it.
- Enter your account information there.
- The program must start with Windows in order to monitor changes in the IP address.