Who uses Windows and for what? What is Windows OS
(June 25, 1998) - Windows 98 was the first system designed specifically for home users. It contained improved search for information on PC and on the Internet, support for DVD and USB, panel quick launch programs. It is noteworthy that it was latest system, based on MS-DOS.
Windows NT family
Windows Embedded Family
Windows Security
Story
2018
Availability of commercial support for OpenJDK on the Microsoft Windows platform
A file was found in Windows that collects passwords and e-mail messages
In September 2018, it became known about the existence of secret file, which stores passwords and email correspondence. The problem is relevant for users of devices with touch screens.
Windows is no longer Microsoft's core business
In April 2018, Bloomberg published an article entitled "Microsoft is officially no longer a Windows company." Journalists noticed that operating systems do not bring the American company the greatest income compared to other products, and the software giant itself is increasingly focusing on cloud technologies.
In 2012, then-Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that for the company “there is nothing more important than Windows" During one of the conferences, he emotionally chanted: “Windows! Windows! Windows!
Microsoft has released regular updates less often and has also made them part of the cost of buying a new computer or a PC contract for companies, rather than having customers pay for new hardware or upgrade the operating system when the next version comes out.
Every year, no more than 15% of sales of smartphones, tablets and computers combined are made up of devices running Windows control, and the OS is not expanding into new areas, such as self-driving cars or smart home systems.
2014
Windows XP leads in the number of installations in enterprises
Windows 10 release
Windows 10 will support various types of devices:
- desktop PCs,
- laptops,
- tablets,
- TVs.
Windows 3.0 had a nice graphical user interface (compared to what had previously appeared on the IBM PC), provided a significant range of services, and handled all the memory addressable by the 80286, 80386 and higher microprocessors. With 32-bit microprocessors (80386 and higher) and at least 2 MB available Windows memory 3.0 could use virtual memory, this mode of operation was called extended (386 Enhanced Mode).
1988-1993: Lawsuit with Apple over visual interface
1983: Start of development and prototype of the graphical OS
On November 10, 1983, Microsoft announced the start of development of a graphical operating system Windows shell, although at the end of 1982 Microsoft programmers began to create a universal set of graphics procedures called the Computer Graphic Interface (CGI).
By the November 1983 COMDEX exhibition, the first Windows prototype was ready. When the first version of Windows was presented, it was promised that commercial sales would begin in May 1984. In the spring of 1984, the sales start date was pushed back to November. In November 1984, this date was moved to June 1985.
Windows and piracy
In 2007, Microsoft published interesting statistics. According to data obtained from the Windows Genuine Advantage program, one in five (22%) Windows in the world is unlicensed. At the same time, according to the analytical company Business Software Alliance, the percentage of use of pirated copies of the OS is much higher, amounting to about 35%.
Microsoft is actively fighting against illegal use of its operating system. So, in 2007, Microsoft provided corporate users with the opportunity to switch from pirated Windows to a licensed one, paying only for the “license”. By participating in this action, organizations were exempt from penalties for using pirated Windows.
In December 2008, Microsoft filed 63 lawsuits against sellers of counterfeit software from 12 countries. They were accused of selling pirated copies of the Windows XP operating system. By according to Microsoft, sellers offered the Windows XP version of the operating system at online auctions Blue Edition. Buyers were informed that the Blue Edition was a special licensed version of Windows XP with a low price.
Around the same time, the Frunzensky District Court of Vladivostok sentenced a local resident to one year of suspended imprisonment and a fine of 117 thousand rubles for illegally installing the Windows XP operating system and package office applications Microsoft. Then, the investigation established that the defendant, for 2 thousand rubles, installed counterfeit computers on four computers. Microsoft programs Windows XP Professional and Microsoft Office XP.
Initially, the project of a graphical add-on for MS-DOS was called Interface Manager. Roland Hanson, the company's chief marketer, suggested changing the name to Windows.
The first officially released version of Windows was Windows 1.01. Version 1.0 was never released due to a serious bug.
History of Windows development
Ahead of release I decided to remember how it all began. So I suggest you take a short excursion into history Windows.
(November 20, 1985)
The very first graphical operating system Microsoft - Windows, version 1.01 (version 1.0 was never released due to errors). Based on MS-DOS 2.0. Multi-window interface, 256 colors and the ability to use a mouse (left key only). There are a small number of built-in programs - a clock, a calendar, a notepad and the Reversi game.
(April 2, 1987)
Contains the same applications as , but with improved controls and mode support VGA. Now you can freely resize windows and move them to any area of the screen, as well as overlap one another.
(May 22, 1990)
Support for extended memory access mode has been introduced, allowing programs to use up to 16 MB of memory. Pseudo-multitasking and the ability to execute DOS programs in each separate window. The user interface has noticeably improved - there are Program Manager And File Manager(future Conductor), redone Control Panel, system settings are centralized.
(March 18, 1992)
Originally planned as slight improvement version 3.0. Added support for scalable fonts TrueType and fixed a number system errors. Starting from this system version Windows support 32-bit access hard drive. An extended version with network support was also released - Windows for Workgroups 3.1
Windows 3.11 for Workgroups (December 31, 1993)
The last and most famous of the line , based on MS-DOS. It became possible to connect computers into a peer-to-peer network, and also work as network client for the server Windows NT. Version 3.11 began using 32-bit drivers virtual devices(VxD) and 32-bit file access, and support for standard mode was removed, which meant the abandonment of processors below 386.
(July 27, 1993)
Despite the fact that outwardly very similar to , it is not a continuation of it. This system opens a new line operating systems oriented for use on servers and high-performance workstations. IN the file system was first used NTFS. Also new is support for symmetric multiprocessing and technology OpenGL, allowing you to work with 3-dimensional objects. Improved versions appeared in 1994 Windows NT — Windows NT Workstation 3.5, and in 1995 - Windows NT Workstation 3.51, more productive and less demanding on hardware resources. All versions listed Windows NT have an interface With File manager And Program Manager.
(August 24, 1995)
Replaced and was intended mainly for home use. It was in it that such graphical interface elements as the desktop with icons, the taskbar and the Start menu first appeared, as well as support for long (up to 256 characters) file names and system plug and play. Was missing in the first version Internet Explorer , it had to be installed separately from the package Microsoft Plus!
Windows NT 4.0(July 29, 1996)
Latest operating system version Microsoft Windows NT, published under this title. (the next, fifth operating system of the family NT came out under the title ). Windows NT 4.0 had a user interface in the style and was intended to be used as an operating system workstation (Windows NT Workstation) and server ( Windows NT Server).
(June 25, 1998)
This is an updated version . Improved support AGP, drivers improved USB, added support for working with multiple monitors. In May 1999, the second edition was released - Windows 98 SE (Second Edition)), which included many corrections and additions - Internet Explorer 5 , general access Internet connection ( ICS, Internet Connection Sharing), MS NetMeeting 3 and playback support DVD. The system was wildly popular, which is why Microsoft even extended its support.
(February 17, 2000)
Initially the system was called Windows NT 5.0, because it was the next version Windows NT after NT 4.0, but later received its own name . Published in four editions: Professional(for workstations), Server, Advanced Server And Datacenter Server(for servers). Win2K brought with it several very important innovations, namely support for directory services Active Directory , web server IIS 5.0, NTFS version 3.0 (this version introduced quota support for the first time) and the EFS file system ( Encrypted File System ), with which you can encrypt files and folders. Compared with NT 4.0 The user interface has been updated and redesigned color scheme registration
Windows Millennium Edition (September 14, 2000)
Named in honor of the new millennium. Last (and not very successful) attempt Microsoft improve . A large number of changes have been made to it - system recovery ( System Restore), system file protection ( Windows File Protection), support for computer sleep mode (it did not always work), a new help system in the form of pop-up tips. New multimedia and Internet capabilities have emerged, such as Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7 And Windows Movie Maker with basic editing functions digital video. Despite all the innovations (and maybe because of them) Millenium Edition was the most “buggy” and unreliable operating system from the line Windows 9x.
(October 25, 2001)
Name XP comes from English e XP erience(experience). Is an improved option Professional, and initially the changes affected most of the appearance and user interface. Unlike , which was released for both workstations and servers, is exclusively a client system (its server version is Windows Server 2003 ). There were 2 major versions of XP released − Home And Professional Edition, for home and corporate use. Also released in April 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition- the first desktop 64-bit operating system Windows.
From 2003 to 2011 was the most popular operating system, and gave way only at the end of 2011, passing ahead . However, despite this, remains one of the company's most successful and well-known products Microsoft.
(November 30, 2006)
Sixth generation of operating systems Windows NT. Vista has a version number of 6.0, so the abbreviation “WinVI” is sometimes used to denote it, which combines the name “ Vista" and the version number written in Roman numerals. Like Windows XP, Vista- exclusively client system. Its server counterpart is Windows Server 2008. In total, as many as 6 versions of the system were released - Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Business, Corporate And Ultimate, and each version (except Starter) in 32 and 64-bit versions.
IN contains a large number of innovations - interface Windows Aero , hibernation mode, technology Ready Boost(using flash drives for the swap file). There are a lot of changes in terms of security - a user account control system has appeared ( User Access Control, UAC), the EFS file encryption system has been improved, and a disk encryption system has also appeared Bitlocker, and included in the home versions Parental controls are enabled to help limit children's computer use.
And with all the wealth of possibilities Vista is the worst operating system released Microsoft. Due to the huge number of “jambs” and clearly inflated requirements for hardware users deleted en masse from their computers and switched back to XP.
Windows 7 (October 22, 2009)
Released less than three years after and in fact is its “polished” and brought to mind version. For example, more than flexible setup User Account Control(UAC), which, unlike now has two more intermediate states, improved compatibility with old applications, changes to encryption technology BitLocker and added the function of encrypting removable media BitLocker to go, which allows you to encrypt removable media. Also slightly modified appearance, and to the interface Aero added several new features ( shake, peak And snap). New network technologies have emerged - DirectAccess And Branch Cache although they are only available in older versions .
Like Vista, Windows 7 published in 6 editions - Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Corporate And Ultimate, and everything except Starter Available in 64-bit version. Server version of the seven - Windows Server 2008 R2, released only in 64-bit version.
To date occupies almost 50% of the desktop operating system market and is in first place in the world in terms of use.
(year 2012)
February 29, 2012 on the website Microsoft The beta version has become available for download (“ Consumer Preview») New logo, new screensaver And new interface Metro. What else awaits us in the new operating system, we will have to find out in the near future.
Over the 30-year history of the OS, nine major versions of the system have been released: from the one developed by Bill Gates Windows 1.0 until the latest release under the leadership of new Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Windows is the most common OS and is installed at more than 88% personal computers in the world.
The very first Windows 1.0 came out in November 1985. In truth, the first version released was Window 1.01, as 1.0 had a serious bug. This was Microsoft's first real attempt at creating a graphical user interface on a 16-bit architecture.
However, Windows 1.0, unlike Mac OS, was not an independent operating system and was only a graphical add-on over DOS. Because of this, many users continued to use “ Command line"to control the system, although there was mouse support in the system.
To get users used to the new input system, Microsoft came up with the game Reversi, which had to be played with the mouse. In this way, users learned to move the mouse by clicking on various objects on the screen. “Sapper” also pursued the same goal.
The second and third versions of Windows were also a “shell” for MS-DOS, but had a number of innovations. In 2.0, released on December 9, 1987, it became possible to arrange windows one above the other in any order, the “Control Panel” (which is still used today), and also program description files (PIF files) appeared for the first time. It also became the first Windows platform to feature applications Microsoft Word and Excel.
The third version, which appeared on May 22, 1990, received the “Program Manager” and “File Manager”, as well as updated version"Control Panels" and Solitaire Solitaire, which is still an integral part of part of Windows. In addition, the new operating system looks much better thanks to support for 256 colors in the VGA video adapter and changes to the graphical interface.
However, the company is no stranger to experimentation. Thus, at the CES exhibition in 1995, a software product for Windows 3.0 Microsoft Bob was presented, which was developed without the participation of Bill Gates. The idea was to create a “social interface” by replacing the “Program Manager” with a cartoon house, where the corresponding applications were stored in “rooms”, and a dog named Rover served as the default guide around the house.
Photo report: Bill Gates turns 60
Is_photorep_included7848863: 1
Then it was updated, in Microsoft Office a character like Paperclip appeared. One could say that Bob anticipated the advent of modern virtual personal assistants like Cortana and Siri. In July 2013, Bill Gates commented on the legacy of Windows Bob: "We were simply ahead of our time, as with most of our mistakes."
A full-fledged Microsoft operating system appeared only in August 1995. Windows 95 was a significant milestone in the development of Windows. Compared to 3.0, it had a huge amount innovations.
The Start menu and icons already familiar to all users have appeared quick access to files and applications on the desktop. Windows 95 was the first to use a 32-bit environment, the "Taskbar" and was focused on multitasking. MS-DOS was still playing important role in Windows 95 and was necessary to run a number of programs and elements. Interaction with files and folders was carried out using icons.
Also in Windows 95, the Internet Explorer browser appeared, but it was not installed by default - it required Windows package 95 Plus. In later Internet versions Explorer was originally installed because Netscape Navigator and NCSA Mosaic browsers were popular at that time.
Windows 98, released on June 25, 1998, was even more consumer-oriented than its predecessor, Windows 95. It introduced a number of user interface improvements through Windows Desktop Update in Internet Explorer 4, including the Quick Launch Toolbar. , active desktop, the ability to minimize a window by clicking on the window title, as well as the “Back” and “Forward” buttons and the address bar in Windows Explorer.
In 2000, the company introduced two completely different operating systems - Windows 2000 and Windows ME. The first belonged to the NT family of operating systems (new technologies), while the second was built on the Windows 9x platform. Windows Millennium can be called the next step in the development of Windows 98 with the addition of some elements Windows interface 2000 and maximum simplification for modern home use.
Windows ME was heavily criticized by users due to its instability and unreliability, frequent freezes And crashes work. Some users deciphered ME as Mistake Edition (erroneous edition). This version is still considered one of the worst products from Microsoft.
Windows 2000 was aimed at business customers, and it later became the basis for Windows XP.
In Windows 2000 they played an important role automatic updates. In addition, it introduced a hibernation mode for the first time. Windows 2000 Professional introduced numerous improvements, such as the "plug and play" concept: when a new peripheral device was connected, the operating system itself found necessary drivers for him, and it began to work.
The triumphant release of Windows XP took place in October 2001. The new system was a kind of symbiosis of Windows 2000 and Windows ME. Like Windows 2000, it was based on Windows NT, but it added client-centric elements from Windows ME.
The new OS featured a new graphical interface design, text smoothing on LCD monitors, and the ability fast switching between users, as well as many other nice features. Windows XP is a “long-liver” among operating systems: three large-scale updates were released for it, and support for the OS ceased only in 2014, that is, 13 years after its release - this period of support is the longest among all operating systems Windows systems.
The system also had its shortcomings. For example, when installing an OS, the user is prompted to create a account with administrator rights, which leads to potential vulnerability of the system to viruses. Also, the disadvantages include quite high at that time system requirements: processor at least 500 MHz and more than 128 MB random access memory.
After the tremendous success of Windows XP, Microsoft releases Windows Vista. The system was released in 2007. The new OS was a kind of attempt to revolutionize the design of the graphical interface. Microsoft also tried to eliminate the security flaws that plagued XP users.
However, the new system turned out to be extremely mediocre. This is evidenced by the fact that the OS took first place in the “Failure of the Year” competition in 2007.
Users were also disappointed in the new product from Microsoft. Particularly noteworthy are problems with performance, incompatibility with many old programs, as well as inflated system requirements that exceed those stated. Users also did not like the new Aero interface. After Windows release 7 in 2009, Vista, already unpopular, almost completely died out. As of 2015, Windows Vista's market share is less than 2%.
Next operating system Microsoft- Windows 7 - was introduced on October 22, 2009. It was supposed to eliminate all the shortcomings that existed in Vista. Aero's design has been greatly improved, and support for older programs that were not available to run on Windows Vista has been implemented. Windows 7 also introduced Windows XP mode, which allows you to run old applications in a Windows XP virtual machine, which provides almost complete support for old applications.
An important feature of the new system is closer integration with driver manufacturers: most are detected automatically. As a result, Microsoft produced an operating system that appealed to a large number of users: in the first eight hours, the number of pre-orders exceeded the demand that Windows Vista had in the first 17 weeks.
But even here there was a fly in the ointment. The main disadvantage of the system is, again, high system requirements, which is why the autonomy of laptops in some cases was reduced by up to 30%. Despite this, the system remains popular to this day: as of September 2015, Windows 7 holds more than 55% of the market share.
In October 2012, Microsoft introduced another product - Windows 8. The new system received a radically new interface, more “tailored” for use on tablets. Thus, in Windows 8, the Start button has disappeared, in its place is access to the Metro interface.
The interface was a tiled platform. Also in the new system there is a store Windows applications Store similar to Play Store and App Store. The main innovations of Windows 8, in addition to the new interface, can be considered native support for USB 3.0, improved search and a new task manager.
However, most users did not appreciate the system: Microsoft made too much of a bias towards touch control. This affected the ease of system management on desktops.
The new version of Windows 8.1 was an attempt to correct the shortcomings. The “Start” button has returned to its rightful place and it has become possible to set the standard desktop to launch by default. Despite an attempt to correct the mistakes made in Windows 8, the update was also received without enthusiasm.
Microsoft's latest operating system is Windows 10, introduced in July 2015. Windows 10 should bring all devices together, including embedded systems, smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs and game consoles. The upgrade to Windows 10 is available for users of devices running Windows 7, 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 free for a year.
The main innovations of the system are the improved Start menu, voice assistant Cortana, as well as the ability to interact simultaneously with the touch interface and with the traditional one on hybrid devices.
In Windows 10, Microsoft collects a lot of data about your computer usage. Examples of such data are name, email address and others. Because of this, Microsoft received a barrage of criticism. Some of the criticism also relates to Windows sharing Wi-Fi passwords with other users. In any case, data collection can be turned off at any time; all instructions are searched on the Internet.
Windows can rightfully be called an integral part of an entire generation of PC users. Thanks to Microsoft's OS, millions of people have discovered information technology and access to the global network. And no matter how much they criticize it, it will in any case remain relevant for many more years.
TEST
By discipline Informatics
On the topic Windows operating system
Moscow - 2006
operating system Windows
The operating system organizes all the work of the computer. The operating system program is loaded into RAM after the computer is turned on and runs in parallel with all other programs until it is turned off.
IBMPC computers typically used the MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) operating system.
With the development of computers, increasing their productivity, speed, operational and disk memory the opportunity has arisen to significantly improve the way a person works with a computer, provide parallel solutions to several problems, create mechanisms for exchanging information within the environment, etc. These capabilities were provided by the MSDOS operating system shell developed by Microsoft, which was called Windows. The first versions of this Windows environment 1.0 (1985) and Windows 2.0 (1987) were not widely used.
Windows 3.0, released in 1990, was significantly different from previous ones. It really provided multitasking, and GUI and a special software tool, Program Manager, made it possible to switch to “mouse” operating technology. However, the low reliability of Windows required further modifications.
Windows 3.1 (1992) and Windows 3.11 (1993), in addition to eliminating defects of the previous version, acquired a number of additional features. Thus, the technology was implemented virtual memory" A special “swap file” is created on the hard drive, which is used as an extension of virtual memory. If there is not enough space in RAM, some information is temporarily transferred to this file. Consequently, insufficient memory is no longer an obstacle to working with large tasks.
However, all these modifications remained only shells, add-ons of the MSDOS operating system, which did not allow efficient use of the capabilities of modern powerful computers.
Therefore, it was replaced by a new operating system from Microsoft - Windows 95 (1995) - the first graphical operating system for IBMPC computers.
The next improved version of the new operating system was called Windows 98.
In 2000, Microsoft released the following modification: Windows2000.
On October 25, 2001, the WindowsXP operating system was officially released, which is currently a universal user operating system from Microsoft. The WindowsXP system continues the line of WindowsNTWorkstation and Windows 2000 Professional systems and is based on a reliable and secure kernel.
Object-oriented approach
When working in the operating system, MSDOS used a software-oriented approach. The user selected and downloaded the necessary program, and then, using its tools, created a document or downloaded and edited previously created documents.
Thus, the primary ones were software, and secondary – created documents.
The object-oriented approach assumes that objects are primary, and the tools that process them are secondary.
Man chooses desired object, and the computer offers a choice of possible actions and automatically provides the tools necessary to process this object.
An object in Windows is something that has certain properties and with which you can perform any actions, starting with a desktop, whose surface can be changed, and ending with a symbol, the shape, size and design of which can also be changed. Each object is unique, i.e. has its own original set of properties.
Moving and copying objects. OLE - technology
Windows provides the Clipboard, which you can use to move or copy objects from one place to another, including pasting information created by one program into a document created by another program.
The most important manifestation of integration properties is the ability to combine objects of different structures in one document: texts, pictures, tables, etc. and subsequently edit each object using the tools of the program that created it.
These capabilities are provided by OLE technology (Object Linking and Embedding), which is supported by most applications running in the Windows environment.
Window Windows
All work in the Windows environment is done in windows. The main work windows open on the Desktop; there are four main types of work windows in Windows.
The folder window is designed to display objects nested in it and work with these objects.
The application window is intended for working with the program.
A dialog box opens after selecting a command to set conditions and define parameters for its execution. A type of dialog box is a window help system. Dialog boxes use special elements that allow you to conveniently select or set parameters.
Information window. A message appears. As a rule, it has one OK button, which must be pressed after reading the text of the message.
Operation menu. The operating menu of the folder window has 6 standard items.
The file contains operations for working with objects located in the window. The scope of operations depends on the selected object and the purpose of the folder. So, for example, in the window of the Trash folder, in which files deleted from other folders are placed, the File menu contains a specific “Restore” command, which returns the selected file to its original location.
Editing includes operations for working with the Clipboard, which allow you to move or copy selected objects.
A view includes operations that determine what is displayed and how it is displayed in the window.
The transition is mainly intended for Internet use.
Favorites. In Windows 95, this folder was used only on the Internet. It could contain links to the most frequently accessed Web pages. In Windows 98/2000, the purpose of the folder has been expanded: it also contains links to frequently used folders and documents.
Reference. Calling help Windows
Toolbars. Toolbars are enabled and disabled using the View-Toolbar command, which has several options:
Regular buttons – enables/disables the main toolbar, which has a standard set of buttons.
Address line – enables/disables the line containing the combo box. It shows the address of the open folder. From the drop-down list, you can select another device or folder that has an icon on your desktop. Accordingly, the name address bar and the contents of the window change.
Links. The link bar initially contains a number of buttons to Internet pages offered by Microsoft. Unnecessary links can be removed using the context menu. The panel can contain links to any Web pages and files stored on your hard drive. To add a link, you need to drag the icon of the desired page onto the panel from the address bar, from any folder or from the Desktop.
Captions for buttons. The name of the button is displayed below the picture. The button size increases accordingly.
Setting folder properties
The Folder Options dialog box (Tools – Folder Options) allows you to make a number of general settings for the active folder or all folders equally.
The window has four tabs.
Are common. General setup system operating style:
Web Style – general design and methods of working, both on the Internet;
Classic style - design and operation, like in Windows 95;
Style based on selected settings – the “Customize” button opens a window in which you can set individual parameters for the design style and operation of the Desktop and folders.
View. Additional settings for object presentation and image parameters.
File types. List of registered types - extensions and characters. For document files, this means that the programs that process them are known. You can add an unknown extension by assigning it a program to process.
Offline files. List of settings for network files when using a computer offline.
Desktop
Desktop- a place to work. Formally, the Desktop is a folder on a disk. At Windows installation icons are placed on the desktop special folders Windows and Internet program icons, by email and teleconferences - InternetExplorer and OutlookExpress.
In Windows, the desktop can be presented in the classic style (as in Windows 95) or in the style of a Web page.
Special folders - special Windows objects, are created during system installation and cannot be deleted. This is my computer network and My documents. In addition, there is usually a Briefcase folder icon on the Desktop.
My computer - computer disk drives, the Dial-up Network Access folder, shortcuts to the Control Panel and Printers folders. Used to work with devices, folders and files.
Trash – folder for deleted items hard drive files. Incorrectly deleted files can be restored. Everything is deleted from the disk only when you empty the Recycle Bin.
Network Neighborhood - Devices local network. Item Properties of context menu when you click on the icon on the Desktop, it opens the Network window, in which you can check the availability and, if necessary, add Windows software components for working with global and local networks.
My Documents – the default folder for saving created documents. It is not the folder itself that is placed on the Desktop, but its shortcut - an icon indicating the location of the folder.
Briefcase - special remedy to reconcile two versions of a document that are used on different computers.
Channels panel - appears by default on the Desktop if its fork matches the image of the Web page. This is one of the means of integration into the Internet.
Operating system (OS) is a set of interrelated programs that are loaded when the PC is turned on and:
Ø control the operation of all PC devices, ensure the integrity of their functioning;
Ø provide the user with access to hardware capabilities;
Ø control loading into memory and execution of all programs;
Ø provide an interface (organize interaction) between the user and the computer.
When you turn on your PC, the OS is read from the disk (where it is stored) and placed in RAM - this is The OS is always the first to load into the OP and completes its work only when the PC is turned off.
OS features include:
· carrying out a dialogue with the user;
· input/output and data management;
· planning and organizing the program processing process;
distribution of resources (RAM and cache, processor, external devices);
· launching programs for execution;
· various auxiliary maintenance operations;
· transfer of information between various internal devices;
· software support peripheral devices(display, keyboard, etc.).
Main OS components:
· I/O control programs;
· programs that manage the file system and schedule tasks for the computer;
· a command language processor that executes commands addressed to the OS.
OS WINDOWS(English: "windows")
WINDOWS – a graphical OS that has greater capabilities compared to DOS (disk operating system).
Most PCs in the world run an OS environment Windows companies Microsoft.
Windows 7 – final version released in 2009 OS Windows family NT, the successor to Windows Vista. The option to return to the Start menu has disappeared. classic menu and automatic docking of browser and email client.
Windows Vista Home Premium is an OS introduced to users at the end of January 2007.
Windows XP continues the line Windows NT. The advantages of this OS are increased reliability and security. Crash separate program does not cause any consequences for the system as a whole and for all other programs. The system implements full-fledged measures network security. In OS Windows XP Home Edition A number of functions implemented in the OS are not supported Windows XP Professional :
Ø remote control computer;
Ø support for dual-processor system;
Ø file encryption, etc.
Windows NT (NT– English N ew T echnology – new technologies) takes advantage of opportunities the latest models PC and works without DOS. The OS is convenient for users working within a local network, for groups working on large projects and exchanging data.
Windows 2000 – OS for business use on a wide variety of PCs, from laptops to servers. The OS is the best for conducting business on the Internet.
Windows CE – OS for mobile computing devices ( pocket computers, digital information pagers, Cell Phones, multimedia and entertainment consoles, DVD players, etc.). The OS allows devices to “talk” and exchange information with each other, communicate with corporate networks and the Internet, and use E-mail.
Windows 98 – OS integrated with browser Internet Explorer, Improved compatibility with new computer hardware.
Windows 95 - an integrated environment that ensures the exchange of information between programs and provides the ability to work with multimedia, ensures the work online, opportunity sharing printers, faxes and other shared resources. The OS allows you to send E-mail, faxes, supports remote access. User interface simple and convenient. After turning on the PC and running test programs BIOS The OS boots automatically from the hard drive. After loading and initializing the OS, the screen appears Desktop, on which various graphic objects.
Windows 3.1 – graphical shell for MS-DOS.
Main distinctive features WINDOWS OS are:
T Multitasking
T Flexibility, i.e. you can get the same result different ways
T Unified hardware-software graphical user interface
Main network operating systems:
Ø OS options Windows 2000:
§ Windows 2000 Professional OS for PC and workstations
§ Windows 2000 Server OS for small and medium servers
§ Windows 2000 Advanced Server OS for large servers
§ Windows 2000 DataCenter Server OS for special large firms or to support very large Internet sites
Ø Windows NT OS includes server (Windows NT Server) and client (Windows NT Workstation) parts and ensures operation in client/server networks. Windows NT is used in medium-sized networks.
Ø OS UNIX used mainly in large corporate networks, the system is characterized by high reliability and the ability to scale the network.
Ø Novell Netware OS consists of a server part and shells Shell, hosted on client nodes. This OS is more often used in small networks.
Network OS functions:
Ø directory and file management– physically located in other network nodes;
Ø resource management– servicing requests for the provision of resources over the network;
Ø communication functions provide a choice of the direction of data movement, etc.;
Ø protection against unauthorized access. Access to data only from certain terminals, at a specified time, a certain number of times, etc. The user may have his own access rights with restrictions on the available directories or list of actions;
Ø fault tolerance– use of autonomous power supplies for servers, duplication of information;
Ø network management using control protocols.