Animation- the most common technology, the most famous variety of which is a process in which the depicted figure is drawn many times with minor changes representing its movement. The finished images are captured - 1 frame is equal to 1 image - and broadcast at a speed of 24 frames per second.

Puppet animation differs from hand-drawn in that instead of drawings, dolls are used, which are filmed frame by frame with the slightest transformations.

Silhouette animation appeared later. Using this technology, characters are made of dense material and then placed on film.

Collage animation uses images from periodicals and other ready-made pictures.

Object animation transforms inanimate things into personified ones, and often uses everyday things - watches, candlesticks, etc., and images or photographs.

Computer animation requires only images of the main poses, after which the rest can be done automatically.

Electronic animation allows you to create a complete animated film. But this process is labor-intensive and time-consuming.

Plasticine animation. Films are made by shooting clay objects frame-by-frame with modifications in between frames.

Powder technique(loose/sand animation) is used quite rarely. The artist paints pictures with powder on illuminated glass. A denser layer gives dark “strokes”, while a thin layer gives almost transparent ones. This technique most often uses specially sifted tinted sand, salt, coal, metal and graphite powders, coffee, and spices.

Tubeless animation. The cartoon is “drawn” directly on the film using a special machine. It consists of a clamping frame with a gear mechanism that ensures the exact position of the frame, and a special optical system that reflects the last frame drawn onto the next, still blank frame of film.

Oil painting on glass.

It turns out something like a painting transferred to film, the strength of impact, the presence of air and light is comparable to the paintings of the Impressionists. Each frame is unique: once captured on film, it is immediately erased and another appears in its place. Moreover, the artist draws on glass not only with a brush, but also with his fingers. The most picturesque example of a cartoon made in this technique in every sense is “The Old Man and the Sea” (1999) directed by Alexander Petrov. This film became the first animated film in the history of cinema for large format IMAX cinemas, and in 2000 it was awarded an Academy Award. Needle screen is a vertical plane through which evenly distributed long thin needles pass. The needles can move perpendicular to the screen plane. The number of needles can be from several tens of thousands to a million. The needles pointing toward the lens are not visible, but unevenly extended needles cast shadows of different lengths. If you pull them out, the picture darkens, if you pull them in, it brightens. Fully retracted needles give White list

no shadows. By moving the light source and moving the needles, you can get interesting pictures. Rotoscoping (Eclair method). The technique was invented back in 1914, but is still popular today. The cartoon is created by depicting frame by frame of a live film (with real actors and scenery). Initially, a pre-shot film was projected onto tracing paper and manually outlined by the artist; now the computer is actively used for these purposes. This technique is also used when a fully drawn character is required to interact very realistically, accurately and vividly with real actors and objects of the environment. In this case, the digital character is first played a real man , and then he is completely, “seamlessly” replaced by an animated character (cartoon characters in the film “Who Framed Roger Rabbit”). Walt Disney and his artists successfully used rotoscoping in such cartoons as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Cinderella (1950). Domestic cartoons filmed using this technique are “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “Kashtanka”, “The Scarlet Flower”, “The Golden Antelope”. Computer rotoscoping is also called pixelation. One of the most such a cartoon film is “Beowulf,” where Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Robin Wright Penn, Angelina Jolie and John Malkovich appeared as cute and very realistic cartoons.

Creating an animated video for a piece of music

graduate work

1.2 Types of animation

Computer animation is a type of animation created using a computer. Today it is widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Derived from computer graphics, animation inherits the same methods of creating images:

Vector graphics;

Raster graphics;

Fractal graphics;

Three-dimensional graphics (3D).

Based on the principle of animation, several types of computer animation can be distinguished:

Keyframe Animation

The placement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the role of the packer is taken on by a computer rather than a person.

Motion recording

Animation data is recorded with special equipment from real moving objects and transferred to their simulation on a computer. A common example of such a technique is Motion capture. Actors in special suits with sensors make movements that are recorded by cameras and analyzed by special software. The resulting data on the movement of joints and limbs of actors is applied to three-dimensional skeletons of virtual characters, which is achieved high level the reliability of their movement. The same method is used to transfer the facial expressions of a living actor to his three-dimensional analogue in a computer.

Procedural animation

Procedural animation is fully or partially computer-generated. Here you can include the following types: Simulation of the physical interaction of solid bodies. Simulation of the movement of systems of particles, liquids and gases. Simulation of the interaction of soft bodies (fabric, hair). Motion calculation hierarchical structure connections (character skeleton) under external influence(Ragdoll). Imitation of autonomous (independent) movement of a character. An example of such a system is the Euphoria program.

Programmable Animation

Two languages ​​are widely used on the Internet, with the help of which the movements of animated objects are programmed: Java-Script - a browser language Action-Script - a language for working with Flash applications The advantage of programmable animation is the reduction in size source file, the disadvantage is the load on the client's processor.

Animation constructors

There are many programs, both paid and free, for creating animated images:

Paid: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash Professional;

Free: GIMP (mostly used on Linux), CoffeeCup, Blender (mostly used on Linux).

Creating animation using a digital camera

Today, software that allows you to use a digital camera to shoot animation is used as often as the familiar 3D or 2D packages. Any program of this type provides control of a digital camera via a computer and work with the resulting frames.

Storage

Computer animation can be stored in universal graphics files (for example, GIF format) as a set of independent images, or in specialized files corresponding animation packages (3ds Max, Blender, Maya, etc.) in the form of textures and individual elements, or in formats intended for viewing (FLIC (English)) and use in games (Bink). Also, animation can be saved in formats designed for video storage (for example, MPEG-4).

Application

Computer animation (sequential display of slide shows from pre-prepared graphic files, as well as computer simulation of movement by changing and redrawing the shape of objects or showing sequential images with phases of movement prepared in advance or generated during animation) can be used in computer games, multimedia applications(for example, encyclopedias), as well as to “revive” individual design elements, for example, web pages and advertising (animated banners). On web pages, animation can be generated using styles (CSS) and scripts (JavaScript) or modules created using Flash technology or its analogues (Flash animation).

One open challenge in computer animation is photorealistic human animation. Nowadays, most films created using computer animation feature animal characters (The Adventures of Flick, Finding Nemo, Ratatouille, Ice Age, Forest Tale, Hunting Season), fantasy characters (Monsters, Inc., Shrek, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Monsters Vs. aliens), anthropomorphic cars (Cars, Wall-E, Robots) or cartoon people (The Incredibles, Despicable Me, Up). The film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Us is often cited as the first computer-generated film to attempt to show realistic-looking people. However, due to the enormous complexity of the human body, human movement, and human biomechanics, realistic human simulation remains largely open problem. Another problem is aversion as a psychological response to viewing a near-perfect animation of a person, known as the "uncanny valley." This is one of the holy grails of computer animation. Ultimately, the goal is to create software, where the animator would be able to generate sequences featuring a photorealistic human character undergoing physically plausible movements, complete with clothing, photorealistic hair, complex natural backgrounds, and possibly interaction with other human character models. Having achieved this, the viewer will no longer be able to tell that a certain scene is computer generated, or created using real actors in front of a movie camera. Achieving complete realism could have serious consequences for the film industry. On this moment Three-dimensional computer animation is used, and it can be divided into two main directions: photorealistic and non-photorealistic rendering. Photorealistic computer animation itself can be divided into two subcategories: real photorealism (where motion capture is used in the creation of a virtual human character) and stylized photorealism. True photorealism is something that Final Fantasy has achieved, and in the future, it will most likely be able to give us live-action cinema with fantasy aspects, as in The Dark Crystal without the use of advanced puppetry and animatronics, and Ant Antz is an example of stylistic photorealism (in the future, stylized photorealism will be able to replace traditional animation of foot movements, as in the cartoon Corpse Bride). None of those mentioned are perfect, but progress continues.

Animation and modern feature films. On the problem of using the latest computer technology

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Types of animation

Computer animation is a type of animation created using a computer. Today it is widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same methods of creating images:

Vector graphics;

Raster graphics;

Fractal graphics;

Three-dimensional graphics (3D).

Based on the principle of animation, several types of computer animation can be distinguished:

Keyframe Animation

The placement of key frames is done by the animator. Intermediate frames are generated by a special program. This method is closest to traditional hand-drawn animation, only the role of the packer is taken on by a computer rather than a person.

Motion recording

Animation data is recorded with special equipment from real moving objects and transferred to their simulation on a computer. A common example of such a technique is Motion capture. Actors in special suits with sensors make movements that are recorded by cameras and analyzed by special software. The resulting data on the movement of the actors' joints and limbs is applied to the three-dimensional skeletons of virtual characters, thereby achieving a high level of reliability of their movement. The same method is used to transfer the facial expressions of a living actor to his three-dimensional analogue in a computer.

Procedural animation

Procedural animation is fully or partially computer-generated. Here you can include the following types: Simulation of the physical interaction of solid bodies. Simulation of the movement of systems of particles, liquids and gases. Simulation of the interaction of soft bodies (fabric, hair). Calculation of the movement of the hierarchical structure of connections (the character's skeleton) under external influence (Ragdoll). Imitation of the autonomous (independent) movement of the character. An example of such a system is the Euphoria program.

Programmable Animation

Two languages ​​are widely used on the Internet, with the help of which the movements of animated objects are programmed: Java-Script - a browser language Action-Script - a language for working with Flash applications The advantage of programmable animation is in reducing the size of the source file, the disadvantage is the load on the processor client.

Animation constructors

There are many programs, both paid and free, for creating animated images:

Paid: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash Professional;

Free: GIMP (mostly used on Linux), CoffeeCup, Blender (mostly used on Linux).

Creating animation using a digital camera

Today, software that allows you to use a digital camera to shoot animation is used as often as the familiar 3D or 2D packages. Any program of this type provides control of a digital camera via a computer and work with the resulting frames.

Storage

Computer animation can be stored in universal graphic files (for example, in GIF format) as a set of independent images, or in specialized files of the corresponding animation packages (3ds Max, Blender, Maya, etc.) in the form of textures and individual elements, or in formats intended for viewing (FLIC) and use in games (Bink). Also, animation can be saved in formats designed for video storage (for example, MPEG-4).

Application

Computer animation (sequential display of slide shows from pre-prepared graphic files, as well as computer simulation of movement by changing and redrawing the shape of objects or showing sequential images with phases of movement, prepared in advance or generated during animation) can be used in computer games, multimedia applications (for example, encyclopedias), as well as to “revive” individual design elements, for example, web pages and advertising (animated banners). On web pages, animation can be generated using styles (CSS) and scripts (JavaScript) or modules created using Flash technology or its analogues (Flash animation).

One open challenge in computer animation is photorealistic human animation. Nowadays, most films created using computer animation feature animal characters (The Adventures of Flick, Finding Nemo, Ratatouille, Ice Age, Forest Tale, Hunting Season), fantasy characters (Monsters, Inc., Shrek, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Monsters Vs. aliens), anthropomorphic cars (Cars, Wall-E, Robots) or cartoon people (The Incredibles, Despicable Me, Up). The film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Us is often cited as the first computer-generated film to attempt to show realistic-looking people. However, due to the enormous complexity of the human body, human movement, and human biomechanics, realistic human simulation remains a largely open problem. Another problem is aversion as a psychological response to viewing a near-perfect animation of a person, known as the "uncanny valley." This is one of the holy grails of computer animation. Ultimately, the goal is to create software where an animator can generate sequences featuring a photorealistic human character undergoing physically plausible movements, complete with clothing, photorealistic hair, complex natural backgrounds, and possibly interaction with other human character models. Having achieved this, the viewer will no longer be able to tell that a certain scene is computer generated, or created using real actors in front of a movie camera. Achieving complete realism could have serious consequences for the film industry. At the moment, three-dimensional computer animation is used, and it can be divided into two main directions: photorealistic and non-photorealistic rendering. Photorealistic computer animation itself can be divided into two subcategories: real photorealism (where motion capture is used in the creation of a virtual human character) and stylized photorealism. True photorealism is something that Final Fantasy has achieved, and in the future, it will most likely be able to give us live-action cinema with fantasy aspects, as in The Dark Crystal without the use of advanced puppetry and animatronics, and Ant Antz is an example of stylistic photorealism (in the future, stylized photorealism will be able to replace traditional animation of foot movements, as in the cartoon Corpse Bride). None of those mentioned are perfect, but progress continues.

Every person has a tendency to reflect their movement in work or creativity. This can be achieved using various animation techniques. The term "animation" was translated from Latin as "animation".

Let's try to figure out what types of animation exist. They are also called animation process technology. * Animation based on the “freeze frame” principle. It is also called puppet animation. The object is framed, for example, using a camera, then the position of the object in the frame changes, then the fixation occurs again. * Morphing is the transformation of an object. The existing one is being replaced with another one, according to the principle of quantitative generation of the personnel structure. * Classic type– a video created from a number of individual frame-by-frame images, with their alternating changes. The main disadvantage is high degree labor intensity of the process. This direction is one of the most frequently used. It represents those types of animations that, as a rule, were (and are) used in most animated films. * Color revitalization - characterized by color transformation without changing the overall spatial position. * 3D animation is a cartoon created using specialized software (3DS MAX, XSI, MAYA), in which key scenes for the future video are created. * Sprite - the embodiment of this type of animation is produced by using a programming language. * Capture Motion is a type that most accurately conveys all the nuances of natural movement and facial expressions. Special sensors placed on human actors are aligned with control points models. When moving, the coordinates are transferred to them. Thanks to such methods, cartoon models come to life. All the main types of animation presented in the list can be created using various technical means or manually. But today, most often, special computer programs are used for these purposes to optimize the process of creating animated objects and works. Computer methods for creating cartoons expand the boundaries of expression. Increases the degree of impact on the viewer by using various effects, inaccessible by hand.

Creating a cartoon using computer capabilities is subject to compliance with certain rules. Their key principles are: raster, fractal, vector. There is also a separation of 2D and 3D animation software. Two-dimensional programs are usually used for Flash animation, while three-dimensional ones allow you to set the degree and type of object lighting, textures, and perform automatic rendering (visualization). The main types of computer animation have the same principles in operation. All of the above types apply to them as well.

* Key framing method. Allows you to install an object in the required position and correlate them with respect to time intervals. Computer system completes the missing frames in the structure (between the reference frames). The missing stages of movement are recreated. * Procedural animation. Used when it is not possible to reproduce certain actions using key frames. Characterizes computer views animations from the point of view of the sequential construction of individual personnel structures. * Formation of single frames. Most often done using various graphic editors. Separate image frames are created, which will later be arranged in a certain sequence. * Raster principle of animation construction. The most understandable of all those listed earlier. Represented in the form raster images, saved in a single file. Commonly used GIF format. There are a number of programs that allow you to produce such files, such as Gimp. All of the above types of computer animation allow us to understand how multifaceted the process of creating movement is.

Touching upon this topic and looking at examples computer programs that allow you to create animated images, one cannot fail to mention a program such as PowerPoint. She belongs Microsoft. Current Package designed for creating presentations. The demand for presentations is steadily growing, since high-quality and visual presentation of projects and works is one of key points professional development. A presentation created in PowerPoint is a collection of slide materials that are displayed simultaneously on the screen. All necessary data, after being created in the program, is stored in one file. The Harvard Graphics program, for example, also has a similar focus. Wide enough internal settings programs help to use different kinds animation. PowerPoint uses different ready-made templates allows you to most effectively approach the creation of presentations.

The software structure allows, first of all, to create presentations by creating slides with their simultaneous video demonstration on the screen. Slide creation can be done using different templates. The slide show is created using a variety of effects. Various types of animations are used. You can adjust the order in which the slides are shown on the screen.

A key feature of the program is that standard animation effects can be applied to all files simultaneously. The program also has a set of ready-made color templates. They have a variety color schemes, allowing you to apply them to any thematic slides. Color templates allow you to increase the efficiency of working on a presentation, save time, and also give it a certain stylistic direction.

Animation is the creation of a moving image on the screen. Or rather, the illusion of continuous movement. In fact, this is a sequence of static frames. It is also a technically complex and constantly evolving art. So if someone tells you that cartoons are not serious, protest vigorously and give reasons. Here is a brief educational program on the main types of moving pictures, from which it will become clear why animation is not inferior to feature films, and in some ways even surpasses it.

Classic hand-drawn cartoon

Many people drew in the fields as children. notebook sheets figures that change pose with each page. If you quickly flip through such a notebook, it will seem that the character is running and the flower is blooming. Classic frame-by-frame animation works in a similar way.

The standard format for the frequency at which pictures change is 24 frames per second. And all these frames need to be drawn! Previously, this was done manually. Over time they came to the rescue special programs editing, so now only reference frames are drawn by hand. However, creating a stop-motion animated film is still a painstaking and difficult job.

The first variation of stop-motion animation is sometimes called the thaumatrope, a vintage disc-shaped toy with designs on both sides. By quickly rotating the circle on the thread, it was possible to achieve the effect of combining pictures. For example, a bird and a cage turned into an image of a bird in a cage, and flowers and a vase - into a full-fledged still life. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the first animated films began to appear. Steward Blackton directed a short film "Funny expressions on happy faces", and Emil Kohl - "Phantasmagoria". In both films, the authors draw characters on a board, and then they come to life. Kohl found out that each phase of movement needed its own pattern and used a vertically mounted camera.

Then a great event happened - Walt Disney came to animation. He came up with, in particular, a way to create volume by combining different plans, as well as a layer-by-layer technique in which transparent celluloid films with images were superimposed on each other, so that the frame no longer had to be drawn from scratch. Using the three-color Technicolor system (combination monochrome images, filmed through red, blue and green filters) Disney created the first color cartoon - “Flowers and Trees”. He also directed the first sound cartoon in history (“Steamboat Willie,” starring a whistling Mickey Mouse) and the first full-length animated film, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” which created a real sensation.

It turned out that people are interested in animation different ages. Moreover, it allows you to achieve a special emotional effect using unique means.

An actor, even with the mimicry skills of Jim Carrey and the dedication of Christian Bale, who lost up to 30 kilograms for roles, still cannot go beyond the limits of human capabilities. But drawn heroes are not obliged to strictly obey the laws of nature and physics. Therefore, the artist can award them with any proportions, external features and plasticity - as long as it all works to reveal the image.

For this, we also need to thank Disney, who created a whole pantheon of iconic characters, whose character is reflected in their appearance. His methods were adopted by other animation directors. Thanks to them, there are hundreds of memorable animated heroes and villains today.

The style of classical animation can be different. Disney or Soviet cartoon, European original or even abstract animation, anime - different styles, which you will never confuse. However, technically this is all stop-motion animation.

Puppet animation

Stop-motion technology uses a mock-up stage, which serves as a stage set, like in a theater, and puppet “actors.” To create the illusion of movement, the poses of the figures are slightly changed, photographed frame by frame, and then the whole thing is turned into a film. Such animation appeared along with classical cinema. For example, the famous scene from the film “A Trip to the Moon”, where a spaceship hits the Earth’s satellite right in the eye - this is also stop-motion.

Puppet cartoons are always a special story in the world of animation. They are not turned into huge franchises (they won’t because of the complexity of production), and they are not the most successful commercially. However, there is a special magic in this method of reviving the static.

Such cartoons make it possible to create volume that classic hand-drawn animation is not capable of, and also provide detail without the need to draw anything - just place objects in the frame. However, this is not at all simple. The scenery for puppet cartoons is created by hand, and this is truly hellish work.

To depict sakura in the film “Coraline in the Land of Nightmares”, they used painted pink color popcorn.

Each flower on the toy trees is created by the hands of cartoonists and placed as required for the scene. In Kubo. Legend of the Samurai" monkey hair is made from tiny pieces of silicone, each of which was glued onto the figurine. All these things need to be thought out in advance, because when the item has already been created in the material, pressing undo will not work. When voicing puppet animation, each movement of the lips of the puppet-actor is created separately, synchronizing facial expressions with soundtrack. Today, many parts are printed on a 3D printer, and yet it is still a piece of work.

In the 60-80s, puppet animation was very popular in the USSR - for its textured materials and cozy intimacy. “Mitten” by Roman Kachanov, where a lump of red wool evokes a storm of emotions, and “Plasticine Crow” by Alexander Tatarsky, with its virtuoso play of forms (plasticine animation is also a subtype of stop-motion) and cheerful songs, earned special popular sympathy.

At some point, puppet animation left behind computer animation in terms of complexity and naturalness of character movements. However, today CG technologies have stepped forward, and computer heroes are not inferior to their puppet counterparts, but in many ways surpass them.

Over time, difficult to produce and time-consuming stop-motion animation began to lose popularity. Oddly enough, this does her good. Only ideological directors who know exactly what they want to talk about and have an original style decide to work in this genre. For example, Tim Burton with his famous films about singing skeletons and dead pets, or Wes Anderson, who directed the film Fantastic Mr. Fox.

Computer animation

In this case, moving images are produced using computer-generated 3D animation. 3D models objects move and interact the way the directors want them to.

One of the first to use in cinema computer animation George Lucas. Special effects of early episodes " Star Wars"Many fans still value it higher than the graphics in modern films. Lucas's studio ILM also worked on many famous epics with outstanding effects (Indiana Jones, Back to the Future, Star Trek), as well as on the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, combining actors and drawn characters.

Then it turned out that animation can not only serve films with actors, but also create its own world. The pioneers in the field of computer animation, who did no less for it than Disney did for traditional animation, were the Pixar studio. Today it is the most successful animation studio in the history of cinema.

The 1986 animated short Luxo Jr. tells the story of how little desk lamp under the supervision of a parent lamp, plays with a ball. The lamps were given the honor of becoming cartoon characters because they allowed us to work with light and demonstrate how different surfaces reflect it. This short cartoon has what Pixar's work is still praised for - innovative technology and emotional liveliness of the characters. In 1995, the studio released its first entirely computer-generated feature film, Toy Story.

The studio is constantly improving technology and looking for new opportunities. Curly hair in the wind, objects sinking in water, cloud movements, millions of grains of sand on the beach...

In the case of CG films, making it all convincing requires taking into account textures, weight, motion paths and many other factors. The fact that objects are virtual makes their “material characteristics” only more important. After all, artists and developers want the rubber ball to spring back and the fabric to flutter in the wind, just like the real thing.

Other studios have adopted these methods, for example, Blue Sky Studios, which released Ice Age, and Dreamworks (the Shrek, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda, How to Train Your Dragon franchises).

Computer animation gave the viewer the depth of the picture, as well as the opportunity to run with the characters and make dizzying flights. Such dashing turns of the camera were not possible in classical animation, or even in regular cinema. This is why there are so many races and adventures in 3D cartoons, and scripts are written with visual components and dynamics in mind.

Of course, good cartoons are attractive not only due to technology. However, it is ample opportunities Animations allow directors to not only convey experiences, but also tackle complex topics. Hayao Miyazaki talks about harmony with nature, Tim Burton makes even talking about death fun, and Pixar films teach you to accept yourself and understand your own feelings.